“Isotopes of lawrencium”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Isotopes of lawrencium

释义

List of isotopes
Notes
Nucleosynthesis
Cold Fusion Hot fusion Decay products
Isotopes
Isomerism Lawrencium-253 Lawrencium-255
References

Lawrencium (₁₀₃Lr) is a synthetic element, and thus a standard atomic weight cannot be given. Like all synthetic elements, it has no stable isotopes. The first isotope to be synthesized was ²⁵⁸Lr in 1961. There are twelve known radioisotopes from ²⁵²Lr to ²⁶⁶Lr, and 1 isomer (^253mLr). The longest-lived isotope is ²⁶⁶Lr with a half-life of 11 hours. Heavier isotopes are expected to have longer half-lives.

List of isotopes

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)^[1]^[2]	daughter isotope(s)	nuclear spin and parity
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	decay mode(s)^[1]^[2]	daughter isotope(s)	nuclear spin and parity
²⁵²Lr^[3]	103	149	252.09526(26)#	390(90) ms [0.36(+11−7) s]	α (90%)	²⁴⁸Md
					β⁺ (10%)	²⁵²No
					SF (1%)	(various)
²⁵³Lr^[4]	103	150	253.09509(22)#	580(70) ms [0.57(+7−6) s]	α (90%)	²⁴⁹Md	(7/2−)
					SF (9%)	(various)
					β⁺ (1%)	²⁵³No
^253mLr^[4]	30(100)# keV			1.5(3) s [1.5(+3−2) s]	(1/2−)
²⁵⁴Lr^[5]	103	151	254.09648(32)#	13(3) s	α (78%)	²⁵⁰Md
					β⁺ (22%)	²⁵⁴No
					SF (.1%)	(various)
²⁵⁵Lr	103	152	255.096562(19)	22(4) s	α (69%)	²⁵¹Md	7/2−#
					β⁺ (30%)	²⁵⁵No
					SF (1%)	(various)
²⁵⁶Lr	103	153	256.09849(9)	27(3) s	α (80%)	²⁵²Md
					β⁺ (20%)	²⁵⁶No
					SF (.01%)	(various)
²⁵⁷Lr	103	154	257.09942(5)#	646(25) ms	α (99.99%)	²⁵³Md	9/2+#
					β⁺ (.01%)	²⁵⁷No
					SF (.001%)	(various)
²⁵⁸Lr	103	155	258.10176(11)#	4.1(3) s	α (95%)	²⁵⁴Md
²⁵⁸Lr	103	155	258.10176(11)#	4.1(3) s	β⁺ (5%)	²⁵⁸No
²⁵⁹Lr	103	156	259.10290(8)#	6.2(3) s	α (77%)	²⁵⁵Md	9/2+#
					SF (23%)	(various)
					β⁺ (.5%)	²⁵⁹No
²⁶⁰Lr	103	157	260.10551(13)#	2.7 min	α (75%)	²⁵⁶Md
					β⁺ (15%)	²⁶⁰No
					SF (10%)	(various)
²⁶¹Lr	103	158	261.10688(22)#	44 min	SF	(various)
²⁶¹Lr	103	158	261.10688(22)#	44 min	α (rare)	²⁵⁷Md
²⁶²Lr	103	159	262.10961(22)#	216 min	β⁺	²⁶²No
²⁶²Lr	103	159	262.10961(22)#	216 min	α (rare)	²⁵⁸Md
²⁶⁶Lr^[6]	103	163	266.11983(56)#	11 h	SF	(various)

1. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Universal Nuclide Chart |publisher=nucleonica |registration=yes}}
2. ^Abbreviations:
SF: Spontaneous fission
3. ^Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of ²⁵⁶Db
4. ^¹Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of ²⁵⁷Db
5. ^Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of ²⁵⁸Db
6. ^Not directly synthesized, occurs as a decay product of ²⁹⁴Ts

Notes

Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.

Nucleosynthesis

Cold Fusion

²⁰⁵Tl(⁵⁰Ti,xn)^255−xLr (x=2?)

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. Evidence was provided for the formation of ²⁵³Lr in the 2n exit channel.

²⁰³Tl(⁵⁰Ti,xn)^253−xLr

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR.

²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁸Ti,pxn)^255−xLr (x=1?)

This reaction was reported in 1984 by Yuri Oganessian at the FLNR. The team was able to detect decays of ²⁴⁶Cf, a descendant of ²⁵⁴Lr.

²⁰⁸Pb(⁴⁵Sc,xn)^253−xLr

This reaction was studied in a series of experiments in 1976 by Yuri Oganessian and his team at the FLNR. Results are not readily available.

²⁰⁹Bi(⁴⁸Ca,xn)^257−xLr (x=2)

This reaction has been used to study the spectroscopic properties of ²⁵⁵Lr. The team at GANIL used the reaction in 2003 and the team at the FLNR used it between 2004-2006 to provide further information for the decay scheme of ²⁵⁵Lr. The work provided evidence for an isomeric level in ²⁵⁵Lr.

Hot fusion

²⁴³Am(¹⁸O,xn)^261−xLr (x=5)

This reaction was first studied in 1965 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect activity with a characteristic decay of 45 seconds, which was assigned to²⁵⁶Lr or ²⁵⁷Lr. Later work suggests an assignment to ²⁵⁶Lr. Further studies in 1968 produced an 8.35–8.60 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 35 seconds. This activity was also initially assigned to ²⁵⁶Lr or ²⁵⁷Lr and later to solely ²⁵⁶Lr.

²⁴³Am(¹⁶O,xn)^259−xLr (x=4)

This reaction was studied in 1970 by the team at the FLNR. They were able to detect an 8.38 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of 20s. This was assigned to²⁵⁵Lr.

²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁵N,xn)^263−xLr (x=3,4,5)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL in their large study of lawrencium isotopes. They were able to assign alpha activities to²⁶⁰Lr,²⁵⁹Lr and ²⁵⁸Lr from the 3-5n exit channels.

²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁸O,pxn)^265−xLr (x=3,4)

This reaction was studied in 1988 at the LBNL in order to assess the possibility of producing ²⁶²Lr and ²⁶¹Lr without using the exotic ²⁵⁴Es target. It was also used to attempt to measure an electron capture (EC) branch in ^261mRf from the 5n exit channel.

After extraction of the Lr(III) component, they were able to measure the spontaneous fission of ²⁶¹Lr with an improved half-life of 44 minutes. The production cross-section was 700 pb. On this basis, a 14% electron capture branch was calculated if this isotope was produced via the 5n channel rather than the p4n channel.

A lower bombarding energy (93 MeV c.f. 97 MeV) was then used to measure the production of ²⁶²Lr in the p3n channel. The isotope was successfully detected and a yield of 240 pb was measured. The yield was lower than expected compared to the p4n channel. However, the results were judged to indicate that the ²⁶¹Lr was most likely produced by a p3n channel and an upper limit of 14% for the electron capture branch of ^261mRf was therefore suggested.

²⁴⁶Cm(¹⁴N,xn)^260−xLr (x=3?)

This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched ²⁴⁴Cm target (5% ²⁴⁶Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25 seconds. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to ²⁵⁷Lr from the 3n channel

²⁴⁴Cm(¹⁴N,xn)^258−xLr

This reaction was studied briefly in 1958 at the LBNL using an enriched ²⁴⁴Cm target (5% ²⁴⁶Cm). They observed a ~9 MeV alpha activity with a half-life of ~0.25s. Later results suggest a tentative assignment to ²⁵⁷Lr from the 3n channel with the ²⁴⁶Cm component. No activities assigned to reaction with the ²⁴⁴Cm component have been reported.

²⁴⁹Bk(¹⁸O,αxn)^263−xLr (x=3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL in their large study of lawrencium isotopes. They were able to detect an activity assigned to ²⁶⁰Lr. The reaction was further studied in 1988 to study the aqueous chemistry of lawrencium. A total of 23 alpha decays were measured for ²⁶⁰Lr, with a mean energy of 8.03 MeV and an improved half-life of 2.7 minutes. The calculated cross-section was 8.7 nb.

²⁵²Cf(¹¹B,xn)^263−xLr (x=5,7??)

This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% ²⁵²Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁷Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁸Lr, resulting from the 5n exit channel. The 8.4 MeV activity was also assigned to ²⁵⁷Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁶Lr. This is most likely from the 33% ²⁵⁰Cf component in the target rather than from the 7n channel. The 8.2 MeV was subsequently associated with nobelium.

²⁵²Cf(¹⁰B,xn)^262−xLr (x=4,6)

This reaction was first studied in 1961 at the University of California by Albert Ghiorso by using a californium target (52% ²⁵²Cf). They observed three alpha activities of 8.6, 8.4 and 8.2 MeV, with half-lives of about 8 and 15 seconds, respectively. The 8.6 MeV activity was tentatively assigned to ²⁵⁷Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁸Lr. The 8.4 MeV activity was also assigned to ²⁵⁷Lr. Later results suggest a reassignment to ²⁵⁶Lr. The 8.2 MeV was subsequently associated with nobelium.

²⁵⁰Cf(¹⁴N,αxn)^260−xLr (x=3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 at the LBNL. They were able to identify a 0.7s alpha activity with two alpha lines at 8.87 and 8.82 MeV. This was assigned to²⁵⁷Lr.

²⁴⁹Cf(¹¹B,xn)^260−xLr (x=4)

This reaction was first studied in 1970 at the LBNL in an attempt to study the aqueous chemistry of lawrencium. They were able to measure a Lr³⁺ activity. The reaction was repeated in 1976 at Oak Ridge and 26s ²⁵⁶Lr was confirmed by measurement of coincident X-rays.

²⁴⁹Cf(¹²C,pxn)^260−xLr (x=2)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL. They were able to detect an activity assigned to ²⁵⁸Lr from the p2n channel.

²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁵N,αxn)^260−xLr (x=2,3)

This reaction was studied in 1971 by the team at the LBNL. They were able to detect an activities assigned to ²⁵⁸Lr and ²⁵⁷Lr from the α2n and α3n and channels. The reaction was repeated in 1976 at Oak Ridge and the synthesis of ²⁵⁸Lr was confirmed.

²⁵⁴Es + ²²Ne – transfer

This reaction was studied in 1987 at the LLNL. They were able to detect new spontaneous fission (SF) activities assigned to ²⁶¹Lr and ²⁶²Lr, resulting from transfer from the ²²Ne nuclei to the ²⁵⁴Es target. In addition, a 5 ms SF activity was detected in delayed coincidence with nobelium K-shell X-rays and was assigned to ²⁶²No, resulting from the electron capture of ²⁶²Lr.

Decay products

Isotopes of lawrencium have also been identified in the decay of heavier elements. Observations to date are summarised in the table below:

List of lawrencium isotopes produced as other nuclei decay products
Parent nuclide	Observed lawrencium isotope
²⁹⁴Ts, ²⁹⁰Mc, ²⁸⁶Nh, ²⁸²Rg, ²⁷⁸Mt, ²⁷⁴Bh, ²⁷⁰Db	²⁶⁶Lr
²⁶⁷Bh, ²⁶³Db	²⁵⁹Lr
²⁷⁸Nh, ²⁷⁴Rg, ²⁷⁰Mt, ²⁶⁶Bh, ²⁶²Db	²⁵⁸Lr
²⁶¹Db	²⁵⁷Lr
²⁷²Rg, ²⁶⁸Mt, ²⁶⁴Bh, ²⁶⁰Db	²⁵⁶Lr
²⁵⁹Db	²⁵⁵Lr
²⁶⁶Mt, ²⁶²Bh, ²⁵⁸Db	²⁵⁴Lr
²⁶¹Bh, ²⁵⁷Db^g,m	²⁵³Lr^g,m
²⁶⁰Bh, ²⁵⁶Db	²⁵²Lr

Isotopes

Summary of all lawrencium isotopes known
Isotope	Year discovered	discovery reaction
²⁵²Lr	2001	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,3n)
²⁵³Lr^g	1985	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,2n)
²⁵³Lr^m	2001	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,2n)
²⁵⁴Lr	1985	²⁰⁹Bi(⁵⁰Ti,n)
²⁵⁵Lr	1970	²⁴³Am(¹⁶O,4n)
²⁵⁶Lr	1961? 1965? 1968? 1971	²⁵²Cf(¹⁰B,6n)
²⁵⁷Lr	1958? 1971	²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁵N,α3n)
²⁵⁸Lr	1961? 1971	²⁴⁹Cf(¹⁵N,α2n)
²⁵⁹Lr	1971	²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁵N,4n)
²⁶⁰Lr	1971	²⁴⁸Cm(¹⁵N,3n)
²⁶¹Lr	1987	²⁵⁴Es + ²²Ne
²⁶²Lr	1987	²⁵⁴Es + ²²Ne
²⁶⁶Lr	2014	²⁴⁹Bk(⁴⁸Ca,7α3n)

Twelve isotopes of lawrencium plus one isomer have been synthesized with ²⁶⁶Lr being the longest-lived and the heaviest, with a half-life of 11 hours. ²⁵²Lr is the lightest isotope of lawrencium to be produced to date.

Isomerism

Lawrencium-253

A study of the decay properties of ²⁵⁷Db (see dubnium) in 2001 by Hessberger et al. at the GSI provided some data for the decay of ²⁵³Lr. Analysis of the data indicated the population of two isomeric levels in ²⁵³Lr from the decay of the corresponding isomers in ²⁵⁷Db. The ground state was assigned spin and parity of 7/2−, decaying by emission of an 8794 keV alpha particle with a half-life of 0.57 s. The isomeric level was assigned spin and parity of 1/2−, decaying by emission of an 8722 keV alpha particle with a half-life of 1.49 s.

Lawrencium-255

Recent work on the spectroscopy of ²⁵⁵Lr formed in the reaction ²⁰⁹Bi(⁴⁸Ca,2n)²⁵⁵Lr has provided evidence for an isomeric level.

References

Isotope masses from:
- {{cite journal |author=M. Wang |author2=G. Audi |author3=A. H. Wapstra |author4=F. G. Kondev |author5=M. MacCormick |author6=X. Xu|year=2012 |title=The AME2012 atomic mass evaluation (II). Tables, graphs and references. |url=http://amdc.in2p3.fr/masstables/Ame2012/Ame2012b-v2.pdf |journal=Chinese Physics C |volume=36 |issue= 12 |pages=1603–2014 |doi=10.1088/1674-1137/36/12/003|bibcode = 2012ChPhC..36....3M |display-authors=etal}}
- {{NUBASE 2003}}
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- {{CAWIA 2003}}
- {{CIAAW 2005}}
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- {{NUBASE 2003}}
- {{NNDC}}
- {{CRC85|chapter=11}}

3 : Lawrencium|Isotopes of lawrencium|Lists of isotopes by element

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