| 词条 | Isotopes of polonium | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Polonium-210210Po is an alpha emitter that has a half-life of 138.376 days; it decays directly to stable 206Pb. A milligram of 210Po emits as many alpha particles per second as 5 grams of 226Ra.[2] A few curies (1 curie equals 37 gigabecquerels) of 210Po emit a blue glow caused by excitation of surrounding air. A single gram of 210Po generates 140 watts of power.[3] Because it emits many alpha particles, which are stopped within a very short distance in dense media and release their energy, 210Po has been used as a lightweight heat source to power thermoelectric cells in artificial satellites; for instance, a 210Po heat source was also in each of the Lunokhod rovers deployed on the surface of the Moon, to keep their internal components warm during the lunar nights.[4] Some anti-static brushes, used for neutralizing static electricity on materials like photographic film, contain a few microcuries of 210Po as a source of charged particles.[5] 210Po was also used in initiators for atomic bombs through the (α,n) reaction with beryllium{{citation needed|date=February 2017}}. The majority of the time 210Po decays by emission of an alpha particle only, not by emission of an alpha particle and a gamma ray. About one in 100,000 decays results in the emission of a gamma ray.[6] This low gamma ray production rate makes it more difficult to find and identify this isotope. Rather than gamma ray spectroscopy, alpha spectroscopy is the best method of measuring this isotope. 210Po occurs in minute amounts in nature, where it is an intermediate isotope in the uranium series decay chain. It is generated via beta decay from 210Pb and 210Bi. In the environment, 210Po can accumulate in seafood.[7]210Po is extremely toxic, with one microgram being enough to kill the average adult (250,000 times more toxic than hydrogen cyanide by weight).[8] 210Po was used to kill Russian dissident and ex-FSB officer Alexander V. Litvinenko in 2006,[9] and was suspected as a possible cause of Yasser Arafat's death, following exhumation and analysis of his corpse in 2012–2013.[10]List of isotopes
1. ^{{Cite book| last=Carvalho|first=F.|last2=Fernandes|first2=S.|last3=Fesenko|first3=S. |last4=Holm|first4=E.|last5=Howard|first5=B.|last6=Martin|first6=P.|last7=Phaneuf|first7=P. |last8=Porcelli|first8=D.|last9=Pröhl|first9=G.|last10=Twining|first10=J.|title=The Environmental Behaviour of Polonium|series=Technical reports series|volume=484|publisher=International Atomic Energy Agency|location=Vienna|date=2017|page=22|issn=0074-1914|isbn=978-92-0-112116-5}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=The Elements |author=C. R. Hammond |publisher=Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory |pages=4–22 |url=http://www-d0.fnal.gov/hardware/cal/lvps_info/engineering/elements.pdf}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url = http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/polonium.pdf|title = Polonium|date = |accessdate = |website = |publisher = Argonne National Laboratory|last = |first = |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20120310145431/http://www.ead.anl.gov/pub/doc/polonium.pdf|archivedate = 2012-03-10}} 4. ^Andrew Wilson, Solar System Log, (London: Jane's Publishing Company Ltd, 1987), p. 64. 5. ^{{cite web |publisher=Company 7 |title=Staticmaster Alpha Ionizing Brush |url=http://www.company7.com/staticmaster/products/staticmaster.html}} 6. ^210PO A DECAY {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150224043744/http://atom.kaeri.re.kr/cgi-bin/decay?Po-210+A |date=February 24, 2015 }} 7. ^{{cite journal |last1=Richter |first1=F. |last2=Wagmann |first2=M. |last3=Zehringer |first3=M. |title=Polonium – on the Trace of a Powerful Alpha Nuclide in the Environment |journal=CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry |date=2012 |volume=66 |issue=3 |pages=131 |doi=10.2533/chimia.2012.131 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/224869922_Polonium_-_on_the_Trace_of_a_Powerful_Alpha_Nuclide_in_the_Environment}} 8. ^{{cite web|last1=Sublette|first1=Carey|title=Polonium Poisoning|url=http://nuclearweaponarchive.org/News/PoloniumPoison.html}} 9. ^{{cite news |first=Alan |last=Cowell |date=November 24, 2006 |title=Radiation Poisoning Killed Ex-Russian Spy |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/24/world/europe/25spycnd.html |work=The New York Times}} 10. ^{{cite web|title=Arafat's death: what is Polonium-210?|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/video/asia-pacific/2012/07/2012746748407858.html|work=Al Jazeera|date=July 10, 2012}} 11. ^1 {{CAWIA 2003}} 12. ^1 {{CIAAW 2005}} 13. ^1 {{NUBASE 2003}} 14. ^{{NUBASE 2016}} 15. ^1 {{NNDC}} 16. ^1 {{CRC85|chapter=11}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Universal Nuclide Chart |publisher=nucleonica |registration=yes}} 18. ^Abbreviations: EC: Electron capture IT: Isomeric transition 19. ^Bold for stable isotopes, bold italics for nearly stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe) 20. ^{{cite web|last1=Boutin|first1=Chad|title=Polonium's Most Stable Isotope Gets Revised Half-Life Measurement|url=https://www.nist.gov/pml/div682/po-090914.cfm|website=nist.gov|publisher=NIST Tech Beat|accessdate=9 September 2014|date=2014-09-09}} 21. ^1 2 Intermediate decay product of Uranium-238 22. ^1 Intermediate decay product of Uranium-235 23. ^1 Intermediate decay product of Thorium-232 Notes
References{{Citations broken|section|date=November 2013}}See also
3 : Polonium|Isotopes of polonium|Lists of isotopes by element |
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