“Isotopes of potassium”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

词条

Isotopes of potassium

释义

List of isotopes
Notes
References

Potassium (₁₉K) has 25 known isotopes from ³²K to ⁵⁷K, with unconfirmed detection of ⁵⁹K. Three isotopes occur naturally: stable ³⁹K (93.3%) and ⁴¹K (6.7%), and the long-lived radioisotope ⁴⁰K (0.012%).

Naturally occurring radioactive ⁴⁰K decays to stable ⁴⁰Ar (10.72% of decays) by electron capture or positron emission (giving it the longest known positron-emitter nuclide half-life). Alternately, and most of the time (89.28%), it decays to stable ⁴⁰Ca by beta decay. ⁴⁰K has a half-life of 1.248×10⁹ years. The long half life of this primordial radioisotope is caused by a highly spin-forbidden transition: ⁴⁰K has a nuclear spin of 4, while both of its decay daughters are even-even isotopes with spins of 0.{{original research inline|date=May 2018}}

⁴⁰K occurs in natural potassium (and thus in some commercial salt substitutes) in sufficient quantity that large bags of those substitutes can be used as a radioactive source for classroom demonstrations.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}} In healthy animals and people, ⁴⁰K represents the largest source of radioactivity, greater even than ¹⁴C. In a human body of 70 kg mass, about 4,400 nuclei of ⁴⁰K decay per second.^[1]

The decay of ⁴⁰K to ⁴⁰Ar enables a commonly used method for dating rocks. The conventional K-Ar dating method depends on the assumption that the rocks contained no argon at the time of formation and that all the subsequent radiogenic argon (i.e., ⁴⁰Ar) was quantitatively retained. Minerals are dated by measurement of the concentration of potassium and the amount of radiogenic ⁴⁰Ar that has accumulated.

All other potassium isotopes have half-lives under a day, most under a minute. The least stable are ³³K and ³⁴K, both with half-lives shorter than 25 nanoseconds. The half-life of ³²K is unknown.

Outside its use in dating, ⁴⁰K has been used extensively as tracers in studies of weathering. Various potassium isotopes have also been used for nutrient cycling studies because potassium is a macronutrient required for life.{{citation needed|date=May 2018}}

List of isotopes

nuclide symbol	Z(p)	N(n)	isotopic mass (u)	half-life	decay mode(s)^[2]	daughter isotope(s)^[3]	nuclear spin and parity	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)
nuclide symbol	excitation energy			half-life	decay mode(s)^[2]	daughter isotope(s)^[3]	nuclear spin and parity	representative isotopic composition (mole fraction)
³²K	19	13	32.02192(54)#	unknown	p	³¹Ar	1+#
^32mK	950(100)# keV			unknown	4+#
³³K	19	14	33.00726(21)#	<25 ns	p	³²Ar	(3/2+)#
³⁴K	19	15	33.99841(32)#	<25 ns	p	³³Ar	1+#
³⁵K	19	16	34.988010(21)	178(8) ms	β⁺ (99.63%)	³⁵Ar	3/2+
³⁵K	19	16	34.988010(21)	178(8) ms	β⁺, p (.37%)	³⁴Cl	3/2+
³⁶K	19	17	35.981292(8)	342(2) ms	β⁺ (99.94%)	³⁶Ar	2+
					β⁺, p (.048%)	³⁵Cl
					β⁺, α (.012%)	³²S
³⁷K	19	18	36.97337589(10)	1.226(7) s	β⁺	³⁷Ar	3/2+
³⁸K	19	19	37.9690812(5)	7.636(18) min	β⁺	³⁸Ar	3+
^38m1K	130.50(28) keV			924.2(3) ms	0+
^38m2K	3458.0(2) keV			21.98(11) µs	(7+),(5+)
³⁹K	19	20	38.96370668(20)	Stable			3/2+	0.932581(44)
⁴⁰K^[4]^[5]	19	21	39.96399848(21)	1.248(3)×10⁹ y	β⁻ (89.28%)	⁴⁰Ca	4	1.17(1)×10⁻⁴
					EC (10.72%)	⁴⁰Ar
						⁴⁰Ar
β⁺ (0.001%)^[6]
^40mK	1643.639(11) keV			336(12) ns	0+
⁴¹K	19	22	40.96182576(21)	Stable			3/2+	0.067302(44)
⁴²K	19	23	41.96240281(24)	12.360(12) h	β⁻	⁴²Ca	2
⁴³K	19	24	42.960716(10)	22.3(1) h	β⁻	⁴³Ca	3/2+
⁴⁴K	19	25	43.96156(4)	22.13(19) min	β⁻	⁴⁴Ca	2−
⁴⁵K	19	26	44.960699(11)	17.3(6) min	β⁻	⁴⁵Ca	3/2+
⁴⁶K	19	27	45.961977(17)	105(10) s	β⁻	⁴⁶Ca	2(−)
⁴⁷K	19	28	46.961678(9)	17.50(24) s	β⁻	⁴⁷Ca	1/2+
⁴⁸K	19	29	47.965514(26)	6.8(2) s	β⁻ (98.86%)	*⁴⁸Ca*	(2−)
⁴⁸K	19	29	47.965514(26)	6.8(2) s	β⁻, n (1.14%)	⁴⁷Ca	(2−)
⁴⁹K	19	30	48.96745(8)	1.26(5) s	β⁻, n (86%)	*⁴⁸Ca*	(3/2+)
⁴⁹K	19	30	48.96745(8)	1.26(5) s	β⁻ (14%)	⁴⁹Ca	(3/2+)
⁵⁰K	19	31	49.97278(30)	472(4) ms	β⁻ (71%)	⁵⁰Ca	(0−,1,2−)
⁵⁰K	19	31	49.97278(30)	472(4) ms	β⁻, n (29%)	⁴⁹Ca	(0−,1,2−)
⁵¹K	19	32	50.97638(54)#	365(5) ms	β⁻ (53%)	⁵¹Ca	3/2+#
⁵¹K	19	32	50.97638(54)#	365(5) ms	β⁻, n (47%)	⁵⁰Ca	3/2+#
⁵²K	19	33	51.98261(75)#	105(5) ms	β⁻, n (64%)	⁵¹Ca	(2−)#
					β⁻, 2n (21%)	⁵⁰Ca
					β⁻ (15%)	⁵²Ca
⁵³K	19	34	52.98712(75)#	30(5) ms	β⁻, n (67%)	⁵²Ca	(3/2+)#
					β⁻, 2n (17%)	⁵¹Ca
					β⁻ (16%)	⁵³Ca
⁵⁴K	19	35	53.99420(97)#	10(5) ms	β⁻ (>99.9%)	⁵⁴Ca	2−#
⁵⁴K	19	35	53.99420(97)#	10(5) ms	β⁻, n (<.1%)	⁵³Ca	2−#
⁵⁵K	19	36	54.99971(107)#	3# ms	β⁻	⁵⁵Ca	3/2+#
⁵⁵K	19	36	54.99971(107)#	3# ms	β⁻, n	⁵⁴Ca	3/2+#

1. ^{{Cite web | url=http://www.fas.harvard.edu/~scdiroff/lds/QuantumRelativity/RadioactiveHumanBody/RadioactiveHumanBody.html | title=Radioactive Human Body |accessdate=2011-05-18}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nucleonica.net/unc.aspx |title=Universal Nuclide Chart |publisher=nucleonica |registration=yes}}
3. ^Bold for stable isotopes, bold italic for nearly-stable isotopes (half-life longer than the age of the universe)
4. ^Used in potassium-argon dating
5. ^Primordial radionuclide
6. ^{{Cite journal| volume = 126| issue = 5| pages = 1818| last = Engelkemeir| first = D. W.| last2 = Flynn| first2 = K. F.| last3 = Glendenin| first3 = L. E.| title = Positron Emission in the Decay of K40| journal = Physical Review| date = 1962| doi = 10.1103/PhysRev.126.1818|bibcode = 1962PhRv..126.1818E }}

Notes

Values marked # are not purely derived from experimental data, but at least partly from systematic trends. Spins with weak assignment arguments are enclosed in parentheses.
Uncertainties are given in concise form in parentheses after the corresponding last digits. Uncertainty values denote one standard deviation, except isotopic composition and standard atomic mass from IUPAC, which use expanded uncertainties.
Nuclide masses are given by IUPAP Commission on Symbols, Units, Nomenclature, Atomic Masses and Fundamental Constants (SUNAMCO).
Isotope abundances are given by IUPAC Commission on Isotopic Abundances and Atomic Weights (CIAAW).

References

Isotope masses from:
- {{NUBASE 2003}}
Isotopic compositions and standard atomic masses from:
- {{CAWIA 2003}}
- {{CIAAW 2005}}
Half-life, spin, and isomer data selected from the following sources. See editing notes on this article's talk page.
- {{NUBASE 2003}}
- {{NNDC}}
- {{CRC85|chapter=11}}

3 : Potassium|Isotopes of potassium|Lists of isotopes by element

随便看

开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。