词条 | ISSF 10 meter air rifle | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
|image=Air-rifle-shooting.jpg |shots_m=60+24 |shots_f=60+24 |olympics_m=Since 1984 |olympics_f=Since 1984 |worlds_m=Since 1970 |worlds_f=Since 1970 |abbr_m=AR60 |abbr_f=AR60 }} 10 meter air rifle is an International Shooting Sports Federation (ISSF) shooting event, shot over a distance of {{convert|10|m|yd|2|abbr=off}} from a standing position with a {{convert|4.5|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} calibre air rifle with a maximum weight of {{convert|5.5|kg|lb|2|abbr=on}}. The use of specialized clothing is allowed to improve the stability of the shooting position and prevent chronic back injury which can be caused by the asymmetric offset load on the spine when the rifle is held in position. It is one of the ISSF-governed shooting events included in the Olympic games. Shots are fired from the standing position only, as opposed to some other airgun shooting disciplines such as for three positions (popular in the United States) or in disabled sports. The major competitions are the Olympic Games every four years and the ISSF World Shooting Championships every four years (the Games and the Championships are held two years apart). In addition, the event is included in the ISSF World Cup series, the ISSF World Cup Final, in continental championships, and in many other international and national competitions. It is an indoor sport. In many clubs and ranges, electronic targets are now being used instead of the traditional paper targets. Scores in 10 meter air rifle have improved rapidly during the last few decades. During the 1970s technical advances in the employed match air rifles made the international shooting union, known as the UIT back then, but today the International Shooting Sport Federation (ISSF), decide to reduce the size of the 10 meter air rifle target to its current dimensions. RulesUntil 2013, the maximum achievable aggregate score (qualification + final score) was 709 for men (600 + 109.0) and 509 for women (400 + 109.0). No top competitor achieved an official perfect aggregate score under these rules. Under rules introduced in 2013, the qualification scores that used to be combined with the finals scores for competition results were deleted, and the best eight competitors started all over again. In the 20 shots final, the highest achievable final score was 218.0 points. No top competitor achieved an official perfect final score under these rules. Rules introduced in 2018 ended the competition format differences between male and female athletes. Also, the final was changed to 24 shots (5 shots + 5 shots + 14 shots elimination phase). In the final, the highest achievable final score is 261.6 points. Up to 2019, no top competitor has achieved an official perfect final score under these rules. Qualification RoundPre 2013 qualification rulesThe course of fire was an unlimited number of sighter shots followed by 60 competition shots for men or 40 competition shots for women, all fired within 75 minutes for men or 50 minutes for women. During this initial or qualification phase a maximum of 10 points was awarded for each shot. Top competitors sometimes achieved maximum results (a "possible") for the initial or qualification phase (600 for men and 400 for women). The majority of these full marks were achieved at non-directly ISSF supervised international and national-level matches and championships, where official ISSF recognized world records cannot be set.[1] This leads to many national records in fact being equal to the world records. 2013 to 2018 qualification rulesThe course of fire was 60 competition shots for men or 40 competition shots for women, all fired within 75 minutes for men or 50 minutes for women. During this initial or qualification phase a maximum of 10.9 points was awarded for each shot. The highest possible 60 shots score for men was 654.0 points and for woman 436.0 points. 2018 qualification rulesISSF rules introduced in 2018 ended the gender differences, expanding the 40 shots qualification phase for women into 60 shots, setting the highest possible 60 shots score at 654.0 points. FinalsPre 2013 finals rulesThe top eight shooters from the qualification round moved on to a finals event consisting of 10 shots – each decimal scored to a maximum of 10.9 – with the cumulative score determining the winner (qualification + finals score). Every scoring ring is 5 mm wide and sub-divided in 0.5 mm (≈ 0.1719 MOA) increments in 10 "subrings". Like the other scoring rings the maximum of 10.9 is derived from an additional set of 10 "subrings" within the center 10-point circle, increasing in 0.1 point value as the rings approach the center of the target. 2013 to 2018 finals rulesIn November 2012, The ISSF announced other finals rules.[2] This finals rules had the best eight shooters starting from zero, eliminating the qualification scores that used to be combined with the finals scores for competition results. The format consisted of 20 finals shots scored in 0.1 point value as the rings approach the center of the target, setting the highest possible 20 shots score at 218.0 points. 2018 finals rulesSince 2018 the ISSF finals rules rank the eight best shooters starting from zero, eliminating the qualification scores. The format consists of 2 series of 5 shots each, to be fired within 250 seconds per series. This is followed by 14 single shots each fired on command with 50 seconds for each shot. Eliminations of the lowest scoring finalists begin after the tenth shot (series + first 2 single shots) and continue after every two shots, until the gold and silver medalists are decided. There is a total of 24 finals shots, setting the highest possible 24 shots score at 261.6 points. If there is a tie for the lowest ranking athlete to be eliminated, the tied athletes will fire additional tie-breaking single shots until the tie is broken. EquipmentFor the 10 meter air rifle and air pistol disciplines, match diabolo pellets are used. These pellets have wadcutter heads, meaning the front is (nearly) flat, that leave clean round holes in paper targets for easy scoring. Match pellets are offered in tins and more elaborate packagings that avoid deformation and other damage that could impair their uniformity. Match air rifle shooters are encouraged to perform shooting group tests with their gun clamped in a machine rest to establish which particular match pellet type performs best for their particular air gun.[3] To facilitate maximum performance out of various air guns the leading match pellet manufacturers produce pellets with graduated "head sizes", which means the pellets are offered with front diameters from {{convert|4.48|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} up to {{convert|4.52|mm|in|3|abbr=on}}. However at higher and top competitive levels, even these variations are thought too coarse-grained and match pellets are batch tested; that is, the specific gun is mounted in a machine rest test rig and pellets from a specific production run on a specific machine with the same ingredients fed into the process (a batch) are test-fired through the gun.[4] Many different batches will be tested in this manner, and the pellets which give the smallest consistent group size without fliers (shots which fall outside of the main group) will be selected (small but inconsistent group sizes are not useful to a top competitor); and the shooter will then purchase several tens of thousands of pellets from that batch. Group sizes of {{convert|4.5|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} diameter are theoretically possible, but practically shot groups of {{convert|5.0|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} are considered highly competitive.[5] Unbatched ammunition, especially if the air gun is not regularly cleaned, is generally thought to be capable of only {{convert|8.0|mm|in|3|abbr=on}} diameter group sizes. Batch-testing match pellets for a particular gun is not generally thought to be worthwhile until the shooter reaches a high proficiency level (around the 95% level i.e 570 for the qualification round). The occurrence of high scores is mainly due to the continuous development of the employed match air rifles from spring-piston type designs into single-stroke pneumatic and pre-charged pneumatic (PCP) designs. Modern PCP match rifles from the leading manufacturers all feature regulated PCP actions to minimize shot-to-shot operating pressure variation and hence muzzle velocity inconsistency, mechanical or electronic match triggers offering fast lock times, shoot practically recoilless and vibration free, exhibit minimal movement and balance shifts and can be tailored by an adjustable aluminum stock and other user interfaces and various accessories to the individual shooters personal preferences to promote comfortable and accurate shooting from a standing position. Combined with appropriate match pellets these rifles produce a consistent 10-ring performance, so a sub-10.0 average result can be attributed to the participant and at 2019 top competition level a 10.5 average result can be regarded as excellent. {{Clear}}GalleryWorld Championships, Men
World Championships, Men Team
World Championships, Women
World Championships, Women Team
World Championships, total medals{{Medals table| caption = | host = | flag_template = | event = | team = | gold_FRG = 14 | silver_FRG = 6 | bronze_FRG = 9 | gold_URS = 7 | silver_URS = 12 | bronze_URS = 10 | gold_USA = 7 | silver_USA = 12 | bronze_USA = 4 | gold_FRA = 7 | silver_FRA = 2 | bronze_FRA = 0 | gold_BUL = 6 | silver_BUL = 0 | bronze_BUL = 3 | gold_GER = 5 | silver_GER = 0 | bronze_GER = 4 | gold_CHN = 3 | silver_CHN = 6 | bronze_CHN = 1 | gold_HUN = 3 | silver_HUN = 3 | bronze_HUN = 3 | gold_NOR = 3 | silver_NOR = 2 | bronze_NOR = 4 | gold_RUS = 3 | silver_RUS = 2 | bronze_RUS = 3 | gold_GDR = 3 | silver_GDR = 1 | bronze_GDR = 6 | gold_SUI = 2 | silver_SUI = 6 | bronze_SUI = 0 | gold_YUG = 1 | silver_YUG = 4 | bronze_YUG = 0 | gold_POL = 1 | silver_POL = 3 | bronze_POL = 2 | gold_CZE = 1 | silver_CZE = 2 | bronze_CZE = 0 | gold_BLR = 1 | silver_BLR = 1 | bronze_BLR = 0 | gold_IND = 1 | silver_IND = 0 | bronze_IND = 1 | gold_FIN = 1 | silver_FIN = 0 | bronze_FIN = 0 | gold_ISR = 1 | silver_ISR = 0 | bronze_ISR = 0 | gold_KOR = 0 | silver_KOR = 4 | bronze_KOR = 8 | gold_GBR = 0 | silver_GBR = 1 | bronze_GBR = 3 | gold_AUT = 0 | silver_AUT = 1 | bronze_AUT = 2 | gold_SVK = 0 | silver_SVK = 1 | bronze_SVK = 1 | gold_ROU = 0 | silver_ROU = 1 | bronze_ROU = 0 | gold_ITA = 0 | silver_ITA = 0 | bronze_ITA = 1 | gold_JPN = 0 | silver_JPN = 0 | bronze_JPN = 1 | gold_KAZ = 0 | silver_KAZ = 0 | bronze_KAZ = 1 | gold_NED = 0 | silver_NED = 0 | bronze_NED = 1 | gold_ESP = 0 | silver_ESP = 0 | bronze_ESP = 1 | gold_SWE = 0 | silver_SWE = 0 | bronze_SWE = 1 | gold_UKR = 0 | silver_UKR = 0 | bronze_UKR = 1 }} Current world records{{See also|List of Olympic records in shooting|List of national shooting records surpassing the world records}}
Post 1 January 2013 World and Olympic Records{{World Olympic Record| record_type = Qualification records Men | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|Peter Sidi|HUN}} | world_mark = 633.5 | world_place = Munich, Germany | world_date = 25 May 2013 | olympic_athlete = {{flagathlete|Niccolò Campriani|ITA}} | olympic_mark = 630.2 | olympic_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | olympic_date = 8 August 2016 }}{{World Olympic Record | record_type = Qualification records Women | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|Chen Dongqi|CHN}} | world_mark = 422.9 | world_place = Munich, Germany | world_date = 28 May 2015 | olympic_athlete = {{flagathlete|Du Li|CHN}} | olympic_mark = 420.7 | olympic_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | olympic_date = 6 August 2016 }}{{World Olympic Record | record_type = Final records Men | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|Xuechao Qian|CHN}} | world_mark = 210.6 | world_place = Munich, Germany | world_date = 21 May 2016 | olympic_athlete = {{flagathlete|Niccolò Campriani|ITA}} | olympic_mark = 206.1 | olympic_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | olympic_date = 8 August 2016 }}{{World Olympic Record | record_type = Final records Women | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|Yi Siling|CHN}} | world_mark = 211.0 | world_place = Beijing, China | world_date = 3 July 2014 | olympic_athlete = {{flagathlete|Virginia Thrasher|USA}} | olympic_mark = 208.0 | olympic_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | olympic_date = 6 August 2016 }} Post 1 January 2018 World and Olympic Records{{World Olympic Record| record_type = Qualification records Men | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|Peter Sidi|HUN}} | world_mark = 633.5 | world_place = Munich, Germany | world_date = 25 May 2013 | olympic_athlete = {{flagathlete|Niccolò Campriani|ITA}} | olympic_mark = 630.2 | olympic_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | olympic_date = 8 August 2016 }}{{World Olympic Record | record_type = Qualification records Women | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|Ruozhu Zhao|CHN}} | world_mark = 634.0 | world_place = New Delhi, India | world_date = 23 February 2019 | olympic_athlete = {{flagathlete|Du Li|CHN}} | olympic_mark = 420.7 | olympic_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | olympic_date = 6 August 2016 }}{{World Olympic Record | record_type = Final records Men | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|Alexander Dryagin|RUS}} | world_mark = 251.2 | world_place = Changwon, South Korea | world_date = 22 April 2018 | olympic_athlete = {{flagathlete|Niccolò Campriani|ITA}} | olympic_mark = 206.1 | olympic_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | olympic_date = 8 August 2016 }}{{World Olympic Record | record_type = Final records Women | world_athlete = {{flagathlete|Apurvi Chandela|IND}} | world_mark = 252.9 | world_place = New Delhi, India | world_date = 23 February 2019 | olympic_athlete = {{flagathlete|Virginia Thrasher|USA}} | olympic_mark = 208.0 | olympic_place = Rio de Janeiro, Brazil | olympic_date = 6 August 2016 }} References1. ^Records officially recognized by the ISSF 2. ^{{cite web|title=New ISSF 2013-2016 Rules: competitions will start from zero, and end in a duel|url=http://www.issf-sports.org/news.ashx?newsid=1772|publisher=International Shooting Sport Federation}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.nealjguns.com/pdfcatalog/Tgtammo.pdf |title=Air Gun Testing Target Pellets |publisher=Neal J. Guns Ecommerce Blog |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327090810/http://www.nealjguns.com/pdfcatalog/Tgtammo.pdf |archivedate=27 March 2009}} 4. ^{{cite web| url= http://www.usashooting.org/library/Instructional/Rifle/pellet_testing_may_june_2008.pdf |title=About Pellet Numbers and Pellet Testing| author= Scott Pilkington| publisher=USA Shooting News| date=May–June 2008| accessdate=2013-02-20}} 5. ^Haendler & Natermann Finale Match Rifle
3 : ISSF shooting events|Rifle shooting sports|Pneumatic weapons |
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