| 词条 | Fokker F-11 | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
The Fokker F-11 was a luxury flying boat produced as an 'air yacht' in the United States in the late 1920s. Technically the aircraft was the Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America's Model 9. It was sold in North America as the Fokker F-11 and was offered in Europe as the Fokker B.IV.[2] By the time the first six aircraft had been constructed, it was already evident that the design was not going to sell well. A few were sold, two to notable multi-millionaires; Harold Vanderbilt and Garfield Wood each purchasing one. One was bought by Air Ferries in San Francisco. The F-11A cost $40,000 but the price was slashed to $32,500 as the depression set in during 1930.[3] The F-11 was a commercial failure. DevelopmentIn 1922 Fokker designed the B.I flying boat, one of which was delivered to the Dutch Navy.[4] The design was updated in 1926 as the Fokker B.III, which the Dutch Navy refused to purchase.[5] The B.III was rebuilt as a civilian passenger plane, the B.IIIc. When that airplane failed to sell Anthony Fokker had it sent to his American subsidiary, Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America. The intent was to use the B.IIIc as a pattern for an amphibious biplane to be manufactured in the USA.[6] The B.IIIc eventually did sell. When Harold Vanderblt's custom-built Kirkham Air Yacht was destroyed in a hangar fire he quickly needed a new air yacht, so he purchased the B.IIIc which was replaced by the protype F-11 when it became available.[7] Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America decided to redesign the aircraft extensively and convert it to monoplane configuration by mating a redesigned fuselage to the wings of the Fokker Universal. That decision required Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America Chief Engineer Albert Gassner to create a new aircraft.{{sfnp|Johnson|2010|page= }} Both the fuselage and the wing were so extensively redesigned that they no longer bore much resemblance to their B.III and Fokker Universal origins. The production F-11A had a high mounted Fokker F.14 wing.{{sfnp|Johnson|2010|page= }} The pusher engine nacelle with a 525 horse power Pratt & Whitney Wasp was strut mounted atop the wing.[8]{{efn-lr|Peter Bowers asserts the F-14 used the wing for the F-11.[9]}} The prototype F-11, which first flew in 1928, was an amphibian with a retractable combination sponson/landing gear. It was the only F-11 Amphibian so equipped. The prototype was converted into a flying boat with wing mounted floats like the F-11As.{{sfnp|Johnson|2010|page= }} The production machine was the F-11A which had the F-14s wooden wing and a 525 hp Wright R-1750D Cyclone engine. Because Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America lacked the facilities to produce the duralumin fuselages, Fokker America arranged to have the hulls constructed in the Netherlands. Initially 20 were ordered but only 6 were completed and delivered to North America.[8] The Fokker F-11A was a single engined monoplane flying boat with a duralumin hull and wooden wing. Operational historyThe "Air Yacht" was the invention of Grover Loening, who wished to sell his Model 23 cabin flying boat as a luxury sport and business airplane for wealthy men. His Loening Model 23 was a success with the second being bought by Vincent Astor and the third by Harold Vanderbilt. Flying had already become part of the life of the sporting upper class.[10] As with other yachts there was considerable rivalry to have the best. Harold Vanderbilt, later a F-11 owner, once had a custom-built Air Yacht.[11]{{efn-lr|After the F-11 Harold Vanderbilt owned a Douglas Dolphin and a Sikorsky S-43.}} What success the F-11 had was in large part due to the its use by two millionaires. Gar Wood's Fokker F-11 Air Yacht led a "Great Lakes Cruise Survey", which beyond swells was attended by three reporters.[12][13] F-11 c/n 901 NC7887 – Originally flown with the retractable combination sponson-landing gear. Later the sponson-landing gear was removed and wing floats were installed and c/n 901 became a flying boat. The F-11 was originally equipped with the Super Universal wing and slightly shorter fuselage. The dimensions of the F-11 were
The F-11 was modified to F-11A standards and sold to Harold Vanderbilt to replace the lone B.IIIc which had been destroyed in a hangar fire during March 1928. NC7887 was destroyed in a hurricane during September 1938.[8] F-11A and F-10C c/n 902 NC148H – NX148H was retained by Fokker, later General Aviation, with civil registration 148H; then changed to NC148H. The letter N need only be used on airplane registrations if they operated outside the United States. This airplane was later converted to a twin-engined F-11C with a Fokker F-32 engine installation in an attempt to meet a U.S. Coast Guard twin engine flying boat specification. It was used for test installations various engine configurations. Flying Yacht c/n 902 was scrapped at the end of 1931.[8] Fokker F-11A c/n 903 NC151H – NC151H c/n 903: registration was 151H. Most likely never completed or flown. It might have been parted out for repairs of c/n 901 which was damaged in a taxi incident during September 1929. Final disposition unknown.[8] F-11AHB c/n 904 NC127M – Given the Civil registration 127M, later NC127M, it was sold to famed boat racing and speedboat magnate Garfield Wood in 1929. Gar Wood replaced it with a Fairchild 91 in 1936. Eventual disposition unknown.[14][23][15] Fokker F-11A c/n 905 NC843W – Fokker F-11AHB The two F-11AHB were equipped with 575 hp Pratt & Whitney R-1860 Hornet B engines. NC844W was bailed to the Army for tests as YC-16 at Wright Field during 1930. The YC-16 was deemed not acceptable for service use. A photo exists of NC843W with Western Air Express markings, there is no airline record of the aircraft.[16][17] The F-11AHB was the next to last American built Fokker ever registered in the United States. Final disposition unknown.[23][18] Fokker F-11AHB c/n 906, NC339N, CF-AUV – The last F-11 was completed in 1930. Sold and registered as 339H, later NC339N. It was operated by Air Ferries, San Francisco. Sold to a Canadian and registered as CF-AUW. It crashed when it hit a tree on takeoff from McDames Lake, BC on June 28, 1935. A large Portion of the hull was recovered in 1978-1979 and put on display at the former Aviodome museum at Schiphol airport. When that museum closed it was transferred to the Aviodome museum at Lelystad airport where it has been stored.[19][20] At least two F-11 hulls were not shipped from Holland to Fokker Aircraft Company of America. One was seen at an aviation exposition at The Hague in 1937. Final disposition is unknown. Another was given to the Technical University at Delft. It was scrapped some time in the 1960s.[8] Variants
Operators
Specifications (F-11A){{aerospecs|ref= |met or eng?=eng |crew=Two pilots |capacity=6 passengers |length m=13.72 |length ft=45 |length in=0 |span m=17.98 |span ft=59 |span in=0 |swept m= |swept ft= |swept in= |rot number= |rot dia m= |rot dia ft= |rot dia in= |dia m= |dia ft= |dia in= |width m= |width ft= |width in= |height m=3.96 |height ft=13 |height in= |wing area sqm=51 |wing area sqft=550 |swept area sqm= |swept area sqft= |rot area sqm= |rot area sqft= |volume m3= |volume ft3= |aspect ratio= |empty weight kg=2041 |empty weight lb=4,500 |gross weight kg=3105 |gross weight lb=6,845 |lift kg= |lift lb= |eng1 number=1 |eng1 type=Wright R-1750D Cyclone 9 |eng1 kw=392 |eng1 hp=525 |eng1 kn= |eng1 lbf= |eng1 kn-ab= |eng1 lbf-ab= |eng2 number= |eng2 type= |eng2 kw= |eng2 hp= |eng2 kn= |eng2 lbf= |eng2 kn-ab= |eng2 lbf-ab= |max speed kmh=180 |max speed mph=112 |max speed mach= |cruise speed kmh=153 |cruise speed mph=95 |range km=640 |range miles=400 |endurance h= |endurance min= |ceiling m= |ceiling ft= |glide ratio= |climb rate ms= |climb rate ftmin= |sink rate ms= |sink rate ftmin= |armament1= |armament2= |armament3= |armament4= |armament5= |armament6= }}{{aircontent |see also= |related= |similar aircraft= |lists= }} References{{Notelist-lr}}1. ^Noboru Jyoko, Fairchild F. 91 Flying-boat Type Amphibian, Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Spring 1984, pg 16 [21]2. ^{{cite web |url=http://1000aircraftphotos.com/Contributions/Braas/10257.htm |title=Fokker Aircraft Corporation of America Model 9 NC7887 |publisher=NICO BRAAS COLLECTION |accessdate=June 28, 2015}} 3. ^{{Cite journal |title=Fokker Plane Price Reduced |journal=Aviation Week |date=April 12, 1930 |page=769}} 4. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dutch-aviation.nl/index5/Military/index5-1%20BI.html |title=Fokker B.I |author=van Weezepoel, Paul |publisher=Dutch Aviation |accessdate=June 28, 2015}} 5. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.dutch-aviation.nl/index5/Military/index5-1%20BIII.html |title=Fokker B.III |author=van Weezepoel, Paul |publisher=Dutch Aviation |accessdate=June 28, 2015}} 6. ^The B.III appears to have been given the American c/n 900, Bowers, Peter, The American Fokkers Part 3, Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, Volume 12, pg 182 7. ^{{Cite newspaper |title=Harold Vanderbilt Gets a New Air Yacht |newspaper=New York Times |date=April 29, 1927}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=http://www.letletlet-warplanes.com/2008/06/04/dutch-flying-boats-and-amphibians/ |title=Dutch Flying Boats and Amphibians |author=Bradic, Srecko |publisher=Let Let Let Warplanes |accessdate=June 28, 2015}} 9. ^{{Cite magazine |last=Bowers |first=Peter |title=Yesterday's Wings, The Fokker F-14 |magazine=AOPA Pilot |date=August 1978 |page=60}} 10. ^{{Cite newspaper |title=Rich Airmen Plan Outings tin Florida |newspaper=New York Times |date=September 30, 1915}} 11. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1925/1925%20-%200466.html?search=Harold%20Vanderbilt.html |title=Mr. Harold Vanderbilt's New Air Yacht |journal=Flight |date=July 23, 1925 |accessdate=July 5, 2016}} 12. ^"Arrangements Effected For Lake Cruise Survey", Aviation (Week), April 12, 1930 pg 769 13. ^Gar Wood replaced his F-11A with a Fairchild F 91 14. ^{{Cite newspaper |title=Gar Wood Buys Fokker F-11 |newspaper=New York Times |date=October 19, 1929}} 15. ^{{Cite newspaper |title=Contact |newspaper=New York Times |date=August 2, 1936}} 16. ^Peck, Edward, Ancestor Aircraft of TWA. Part 3, Journal of the American Aviation Historical Society, winter 2013, pg 305 17. ^Fokker and WAE were affiliated corporations. WAE did operate amphibians on the Wilmington-Catalina route. It has been suggested that the F-11A was considered for that service. 18. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.dutch-aviation.nl/index5/Military/index5-1%20C16.html |title=Fokker YC-18 |author=van Weezepoel, Paul |publisher=Dutch Aviation|date= |accessdate=June 28, 2015}} 19. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_N30.html |title=Civil Aircraft Register - United States |website=airhistory.org |accessdate=June 28, 2015}} 20. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_CF-1.html |title=Civil Aircraft Register - Canada |website=airhistory.org |accessdate=June 30, 2015}} 21. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://www.airhistory.org.uk/gy/reg_N35.html |title=Civil Aircraft Register - United States |website=airhistory.org |accessdate=June 28, 2015}} }} Bibliography{{commons category|Fokker F.11}}{{Refbegin}}
|last= Taylor |first= Michael J. H. |title=Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation |year=1989 |publisher=Studio Editions |location=London |ref=harv }}
|last1=Johnson |first1=E.R. |title=American flying boats and amphibious aircraft |year=2010 |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc.|location=Jefferson, North Carolina |isbn= 978-0-7864-3974-4 |ref=harv }}
6 : United States civil utility aircraft 1920–1929|Flying boats|Atlantic Aircraft aircraft|High-wing aircraft|Single-engined pusher aircraft|Aircraft first flown in 1928 |
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