| 词条 | Forest of Tronçais | ||||
| 释义 |
| name = Forêt de Tronçais | alt_name = | iucn_category = | photo = Foretdetroncais1.JPG | photo_alt = | photo_caption = | map = France | map_alt = | map_caption = | relief = 1 | label = | label_position = | mark = | marker_size = | location = Allier, Auvergne, France | nearest_city = | coordinates = {{coord|46|37|N|2|46|E|display=inline,title|region:FR_type:forest_source:GNS-enwiki}} | coords_ref = [1] | area_ha = 10600 | elevation = {{convert|205|-|360|m|abbr=on}} | designation = {{interlanguage link|ZNIEFF|fr}}, {{interlanguage link|Réseau Natura 2000|fr}}, {{interlanguage link|réserve biologique intégrale|fr}} | authorized = | created = 1670 | established = | designated = Forêt d'Exception (2018) | visitation_num = | visitation_year = | visitation_ref = | governing_body = | administrator = National Forests Office (ONF) | operator = | owner = | world_heritage_site = | website = | url = | child = | embedded = }} The Forest of Tronçais ({{lang-fr|Forêt de Tronçais}}, {{IPA-fr|tʁɔ̃sɛ|IPA}}) is a national forest[2] comprising {{convert|10,600|ha}} in the Allier department of central France. It is managed by the National Forests Office (ONF).[3] Its oaks, planted by Louis XIV's minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert to supply the French Navy, constitute one of the principal stands of oaks in Europe. Within the forest boundaries are the communes of Braize, Cérilly, Isle-et-Bardais, Le Brethon, Meaulne, Saint-Bonnet-Tronçais, Urçay, Valigny and Vitray. It is mainly made up of sessile oak.[4] It also contains {{convert|130|ha}} of ponds and is deemed by many as the most-beautiful oakwood in Europe.[3] GeographyThe Forest of Tronçais is located in the {{interlanguage link|inventaire forestier national (France)|fr|lt=inventaire forestier national}} (INF) {{interlanguage link|sylvoecoregion|fr}} of Boischaut et Champagne Berrichonne. The forest constitutes the most part of the massif du Tronçais, a highland region which spans about {{convert|12000|ha|abbr=on}} and is part of the Massif Central. The massif is located in the Allier department of the Bourbonnais region. The oakwood spans the communes of Braize (776 ha), Cérilly, Allier (1,788 ha), Couleuvre (405 ha), Isle-et-Bardais (2,788 ha), Le Brethon (1,400 ha), Meaulne (112 ha), Saint-Bonnet-Tronçais (1,176 ha), Urçay (343 ha), Valigny (17 ha) and Vitray (1,728 ha). The massif has a general north–west orientation, with slight slopes, except in the massif de La Bouteille and stream hollows. Altitudes vary from {{convert|205|m|abbr=on}} in the northwest to {{convert|360|m|abbr=on}} in Bois Laid. Annual rainfall is between {{convert|800|and|900|mm|abbr=on}},[4] with an average temperature of {{convert|10|C|abbr=on}}. There are four main parts of the forest: l'Armenanche (east), la Réserve (centre), les Landes blanches (north-west) and la Bouteille (south-west). Several enclaves have created " open areas ". The contours of the écotone/lisières massif are very rugged. GeologyThe forest is located on the southern limit of the Paris Basin, on varied substrates (from the primary to the quaternary eras). Most of the forest is located on sandstone or clay from the triassic period. Bodies of waterTwo rivers cross the massif: the {{interlanguage link|Marmande (river)|fr|Marmande (rivière)|lt=Marmande}} and its tributary the {{interlanguage link|Sologne (river)|fr|Sologne (rivière)|lt=Sologne}}. The Marmande is a tributary of the Cher which feeds the Loire. There are also five ponds ({{lang-fr|l'étang|link=no|italics=yes}}):
There are about 100 spring sources in the forest: FloraThe principal trees are sessile oak (Quercus petraea) (73%), whose ancient name in French, tronce, gave its name to the district. Other dominant species are beech (Fagus sylvatica) (9%) and pedunculate oak (Q. robur) (8%), with hornbeam and Scots pine planted in the poorer soils. Trees are harvested on a rotation averaging 250 years. The massif plays an important role for biodiversity for many species on a national level.[3] It also hosts many grove-like landscapes or paysages bocagers (bocage bourbonnais, seasonal agropastoral bocage and permanent grassland landscape).[5] Other nearby massifs include:[5]
A number of oak specimens have been preserved for heritage. Among these are (pictured below):
FaunaThere are predators such as common buzzard, booted eagle, northern goshawk, hen harrier, etc., and many breeds of bats. The diversity of insects is also very important, notably in the parcels of the old wood (i.e.: the Colbert Forest). Important populations of stag, roe and wild boor are regulated by hunting. HistoryRoman eraThe land was cleared and intensively cultivated under the Roman Empire. 108 Roman habitations that have been discovered in the forest, most during recent decades. Roman manuring and fertilizing practices created a pocket of increased biodiversity, which has remained self-sustaining over two millennia and can be detected today.[6][7] Middle agesTronçais is first recorded from the 13th century, in a document relating to the priory de la Bouteille. {{citation needed|reason=it would derive from " tronce ", old name of the sessile oak.|date=July 2014}} The forest was first owned by 14 nearby parishes, then yielded in 1327 to the Duke of Bourbon. The Forest of Tronçais has belonged to central power since 1527, when all land possessions were confiscated from the Constable of Bourbon by royal power.[8] Since 1670The forest is not a relic of the primeval forest that once covered most of France, but was organized by Jean-Baptiste Colbert in 1670. With forethought for the requirements of the French Navy two hundred years hence, the Colbert Forest was planted as an oak grove. The oaks were interplanted with beeches and larches to encourage their growth for favourable timber for ship's masts: straight, tall, and free of knots.[9] By the time the trees were fully mature, the navy was rapidly switching from sail to steam. The forest was diminished by the creation in 1788 of iron forges fed by charcoal from the forest,[10] and by urgent cutting during the French Revolution and the Napoleonic period. The forest regenerated during the 19th century. ManagementThe forest is divided into 442 parcels of sessile oak (95% of the surface) and Scots pine or black pine (5%). Beech and hornbeam are also present, along with cherry and checker tree. It is the only forest in France which is managed with harvesting of timber on a cycle exceeding 200 years.[3] The Colbert forestThe oldest trees are in the Colbert forest ({{lang-fr|la futaie Colbert|link=no}}). It is a {{convert|13|ha|abbr=on}} parcel, in two pieces, the main stand in a regeneration from the end of the 17th century. These are classified as a directed biological reserve; lumber is no longer taken in order to favour biodiversity around deadwood and senescent trees. The Colbert high forest spanned {{convert|73|ha|abbr=on}} in 1976, of which 60 ha were regenerated from 1976 to 2001. BarrelsThe oaks of Tronçais, representing some 80% of timber production, are prized for the barrels coopered for cognac and the great wines of Bordeaux. This is linked to several elements, found in other national forests of the Loire basin:
Amongst the more famous coopers using the oaks of Tronçais is Dominique Laurent,[11] who makes what are widely regarded as some of the world's finest barrels. These have been nicknamed "magic casks", by wine taster Michel Bettane. Laurent goes into the Tronçais forest to select the trees (typically around 300 years of age) and transports them to the cooperage himself, thus guaranteeing provenance. He uses the top section of the trunk, the staves are split by hand and air dried for 52 months. Due to hand splitting, the staves have a thickness of {{convert|40|-|45|mm|abbr=on}} compared to commercial barrels at {{convert|25|-|30|mm|abbr=on}}. The barrels were developed for Dominique Laurent, and Tardieu Laurent's top cuvees, but a few of the barrels are sold to French and international producers including DRC, Zind Humbrecht, Clos Mogador, Pingus and Beau Fréres. A limited number of barrels are exported to Australia where they are used by the boutique winemaker Torbreck for the making of shiraz. Forest artSculpted trunks have been installed in the forest's clearings by the National Forests Office (ONF) and the communes of Pays de Tronçais in 2008, 2010 and 2012. Notes1. ^Coordonnées en décimales, relevées à Tronçais à l'aide de Google Maps 2. ^A forêt domaniale is a category corresponding to the French State's inalienable domaine, as heir to the monarchy, under a judicial regime distinct from the national patrimoine and from private property, defined by a royal edict issued from Moulins in 1566. (French Wikipedia: Forêt domaniale). 3. ^1 2 ONF (juillet 2011) La sylviculture du chêne à Tronçais La sylviculture du chêne à Tronçais (document distribué à l'occasion d'une visite lors de l'assemblée générale de la Société des amis de la forêt de Tronçais 4. ^moyennes 1961–1992 sur 3 stations 5. ^1 2 3 4 DREAL Auvergne (2013) Prédiagnostic des continuités écologiques en Bourbonnais et Basse Combraille 6. ^{{cite web|title=How Roman farmers left their mark on nature|url=http://www.world-science.net/exclusives/070708_rome-farmers.htm|website=www.world-science.net}} 7. ^{{cite web|title=PRESENT FOREST BIODIVERSITY PATTERNS IN FRANCE RELATED TO FORMER ROMAN AGRICULTURE|url=https://doi.org/10.1890/05-1314}} 8. ^Une forêt domaniale : Tronçais, A. Pees, Office national des forêts, n°4, octobre 1967, p.9. 9. ^Allier Tourisme: The Tronçais Forest 10. ^The forges established by Nicolas Rambourg remained in use until 1932. 11. ^Dominique Laurent External links
3 : Forests of France|Geography of Allier|Tourist attractions in Allier |
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