| 词条 | Fort Geldria |
| 释义 |
| name = Fort Geldria | native_language = Tamil | image =India_-_Pulicat_Lake_-_003_-_entrance_to_the_Dutch_cemetery.jpg | image_size = 250px | caption = | designation1 = | designation1_date = | designation1_number = | designation1_criteria = | designation1_type = Cultural | designation1_free1name = State Party | designation1_free1value = {{IND}} | designation1_free2name = Region | designation1_free2value = | location = Chennai, India | elevation = | built = | architect = | architecture = | coordinates = {{coord|13.417|80.316|display=inline}} | locmapin = India Tamil Nadu | map_caption = Location in Tamil Nadu, India | visitation_num = | visitation_year = }}Fort Geldria or Fort Geldaria, located in Pulicat, Tamil Nadu, was the seat of the Dutch Republic's first settlement in India, and the capital of Dutch Coromandel.[1] It was built by the Dutch East India Company in 1613 and became the local governmental centre in 1616.[2] It was named for Geldria, the native province of Wemmer van Berchem, the General Director of the company.[3] Regularly protected by a garrison of 80 to 90 men,[4] Fort Geldria was the only fortification in the Indian empire;[5] all other positions of the Dutch Company were trading posts.[5] Dutch ownershipThe fort was built on the shores of Pulicat Lake, which provides access to the Bay of Bengal and the Coromandel Coast, an important area for trade and a scene of rivalry between the colonial powers of the Dutch, the Portuguese, and the British. A Portuguese fort had existed previously on the spot, and Fort Geldria was built on its foundations, with the permission of Queen Oboyama, wife of Vijayanagara Emperor Venkatapati Raya, based in Chandragiri Fort, who was supposed to contribute financially and become part-owner. This process, however, proved too slow for the Dutch, and they decided to finance and build it themselves.[7] Local tradition holds that a Dutch ship, stranded in 1606, found aid among a group of expatriate Muslims, and thus began a trade partnership.[6] Within one month of completion, the fort came under attack from a local chieftain, Etheraja. After he was repulsed, the Portuguese attacked the fort from both land and sea but were fought off. The Dutch formed an alliance with the local traders and the Portuguese were kept at bay. The fort, which was supplied by the Gouden Leeuw in 1618 with 130 Dutch soldiers and 32 guns,[7] became a focal point in the local turmoil and provided refuge to people from the Portuguese colonies.[8] In 1619, the chief at Fort Geldria was accorded the title of Governor and Extraordinary Councillor of the Indies. In the second half of the seventeenth century, the fort's importance as a trading post (it dealt mainly in cotton fabrics[9]) began to decline, due partly to competition with the British but mostly as a result of the southward expansion of the Mughal Empire.[10] By 1689, the government moved to Negapatnam and subsequently to Ceylon.[11] When the director's seat moved, the fort was left with 18 guns and 40 men. The fort was restored in 1714, and was occupied by the British from 1781 to 1785. Fort Geldria's success as a trading post seems unaffected by the changes of power. In 1786, for instance, caravans loaded with merchandise come in every month from places like Golkonda and Suratte and ships sail in from the Red Sea, Goa, and Malabar; there is a lively trade in cotton fabric and a flourishing industry in the dyeing of textiles.[12] A 1792 description of Dutch trading posts in the East reports trade in sugar, arrack, Japanese copper, and spices.[13] In 1795, the Dutch surrendered the fort to the British and blew it up in 1804 or 1805, before finally giving ownership to the British on 1 June 1825.[9] British, Indian ownershipThe British held the fort from 1825 until Indian independence. Fort Geldria is currently maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India.[1][9][19] Plans to restore the fort involve a cooperation between Dutch architects and scholars and the Tamil Nadu government, with financial help from the Dutch and Indian governments. The plans propose a restoration of the wetland eco-system of the area and of the remaining Dutch structures, including the well-preserved cemetery[14] with 76 tombstones carved in the Netherlands.[15] Notes1. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/thehindu/2001/07/02/stories/13021283.htm|title=Madras Miscellany|last=Muthiah, S.|date=2 July 2001|work=The Hindu|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 2. ^{{cite book|title=European Commercial Enterprise in Pre-colonial India|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1998|series=The New Cambridge History of India|volume=2|pages=127–128|isbn=978-0-521-25758-9|oclc=489951836}} 3. ^James 2009, p. 34 4. ^{{cite book|last=Lach|first=Donald F.|author2=Edwin J. van Kley|title=Asia in the making of Europe: A Century of Advance|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1998|series=South Asia|volume=3|pages=1067|chapter=The Downfall of Two Empires: Vijayanagar and Golconda|isbn=978-0-226-46767-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qBZg0OhbiXMC&pg=PA1067|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 5. ^1 James 2009, p. 32 6. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/mag/2003/10/19/stories/2003101900280700.htm|title=... and a placid Pulicat experience |last=Sanjeeva Raj|first=P.J.|date=19 October 2003|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 7. ^{{cite book|title=Historiesch verhaal: Van het begin, voortgang en teegenwoordigen staat der koophandel, van de Generaale Nederlandsche geoctroyeerde Oost-Indische compagnie|publisher=W. Troost|location=Arnhem|year=1772|pages=80|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bBk5AAAAMAAJ&pg=PA80|accessdate=18 February 2010|language=Dutch}} 8. ^James 2009, p. 35 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.vocsite.nl/geschiedenis/handelsposten/coromandel.html|title=Handelsposten: Coromandel|publisher=VOCsite.nl|accessdate=18 February 2010|language=Dutch}} 10. ^{{cite book|last=Chaudhuri|first=K.N.|author2=Jonathan I. Israel|title=The Anglo-Dutch Moment: Essays on the Glorious Revolution and Its World Impact|editor=Jonathan I. Israel|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2003|pages=418|chapter=The East-India Companies and the Revolution of 1688-9|isbn=978-0-521-54406-1|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NCvyi5_m6ScC&pg=PA418|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 11. ^James 2009, p. 36 12. ^{{cite book|title=Nederlandsche reizen, tot bevordering van den koophandel, na de meest afgelegene gewesten des aardkloots|publisher=Petrus Conradi; V. van der Plaats|location=Amsterdam; Harlingen|year=1786|volume=9-10|pages=145–46|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mdITAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA145|accessdate=18 February 2010|language=Dutch}} 13. ^{{cite book|last=Huysers|first=Ary|author2=Reinier de Klerk|title=Beknopte beschryving der Oostindische etablissementen|publisher=Roos, Roos, and Vermandel|location=Amsterdam|year=1792|edition=2|pages=85|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AFVbAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA85|accessdate=18 February 2010|language=Dutch}} 14. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/businessline/2001/08/06/stories/100672g4.htm|title=Will Pulicat make it?|last=Varghese |first=Nina|date=6 August 2001|publisher=Business Line|accessdate=18 February 2010}} 15. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/fr/2004/10/29/stories/2004102903361000.htm|title=Ancient church on the shore|last=Sanjeeva Raj|first=P. J.|date=29 October 2004|publisher=The Hindu|accessdate=18 February 2010}} References
External links
6 : Archaeological monuments in Tamil Nadu|Forts in Tamil Nadu|Coromandel Coast|Dutch India|1613 establishments in the Dutch Empire|1613 establishments in India |
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