| 词条 | Fourth Council of Constantinople (Catholic Church) |
| 释义 |
For the Eastern Orthodox synod (879–880), see Fourth Council of Constantinople (Eastern Orthodox){{Infobox ecumenical council | council_name = Fourth Council of Constantinople (869–870) | council_date = 869–870 | accepted_by = Catholic Church | previous = Second Council of Nicaea | next = Catholic: First Council of the Lateran | convoked_by = Emperor Basil I and Pope Adrian II | presided_by = papal legates | attendance = 20–25 (first session 869), 102 (last session 870) | topics = Photius' patriarchate | documents = Deposition of Photius, 27 canons }}{{Ecumenical councils of the Catholic Church}}{{Refimprove|date=August 2010}} The Fourth Council of Constantinople was the eighth Catholic Ecumenical Council held in Constantinople from October 5, 869, to February 28, 870. It included 102 bishops, three papal legates, and four patriarchs.[1] The Council met in ten sessions from October 869 to February 870 and issued 27 canons. The council was called by Emperor Basil I the Macedonian and Pope Adrian II.[2] It deposed Photios, a layman who had been appointed as Patriarch of Constantinople, and reinstated his predecessor Ignatius. The Council also reaffirmed the decisions of the Second Council of Nicaea in support of icons and holy images and required the image of Christ to have veneration equal with that of the gospel book.[3] A later council, the Greek Fourth Council of Constantinople, was held after Photios had been reinstated on the order of the emperor. Today, the Catholic Church recognizes the council in 869–870 as "Constantinople IV", while the Eastern Orthodox Churches recognize the councils in 879–880 as "Constantinople IV" and revere Photios as a saint. At the time that these councils were being held, this division was not yet clear.[4] These two councils represent a growing divide between East and West. The previous seven ecumenical councils are recognized as ecumenical and authoritative by both Eastern Orthodox and Catholic Christians. These kinds of differences led eventually to the East-West Schism of 1054. BackgroundWith the coronation of Charlemagne by Pope Leo III in 800, the papacy had acquired a new protector in the West. This freed the pontiffs to some degree from the power of the emperor in Constantinople but it also led to a schism, because the emperors and patriarchs of Constantinople interpreted themselves as the true descendants of the Roman Empire.[5]{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}} After the Byzantine emperor summarily dismissed St Ignatius of Constantinople as patriarch of that city, Pope Nicholas I refused to recognize his successor Patriarch Photios I of Constantinople. Photios, in turn, attacked the pope as a heretic, because he kept the filioque in the creed, which referred to the Holy Spirit emanating from God the Father and the Son. The Council condemned Photius, who questioned the legality of the papal delegates presiding over the Council and ended the schism{{Citation needed|date=October 2009}}. Photian schismIn 858, Photius, a noble layman from a local family, was appointed Patriarch of Constantinople, the most senior episcopal position save only that of Rome. Emperor Michael III had deposed the previous patriarch, Ignatius. Ignatius refused to abdicate, setting up a power struggle between the Emperor and Pope Nicholas I. The 869–870 Council condemned Photius and deposed him as patriarch and reinstated his predecessor Ignatius.[6] It also ranked Constantinople before the other three Eastern patriarchates of Alexandria, Antioch and Jerusalem.{{source needed|date=September 2018}} Support for icons and holy imagesOne of the key elements of the Council was the reaffirmation of the decisions of the Second Council of Nicaea in support of icons and holy images. The council thus helped stamp out any remaining embers of Byzantine iconoclasm. Specifically, its third Canon required the image of Christ to have veneration equal with that of the gospel book:[7]
The council also encouraged the veneration of the images of the Virgin Mary, angels and saints:[3]
Notes1. ^Catholic encyclopedia 2. ^"Photius." Cross, F. L., ed. The Oxford dictionary of the Christian church. New York: Oxford University Press. 2005 3. ^1 Steven Bigham, 1995 Image of God the Father in Orthodox Theology and Iconography {{ISBN|1-879038-15-3}} page 41 4. ^Karl Rahner, 2004 Encyclopedia of theology {{ISBN|0-86012-006-6}} pages 300 5. ^1 Jedin, p. 36f. 6. ^Karl Rahner, 2004 Encyclopedia of theology {{ISBN|0-86012-006-6}} pages 389 7. ^Gesa Elsbeth Thiessen, 2005 Theological aesthetics {{ISBN|0-8028-2888-4}} page 65 References
8 : Ecumenical councils|9th-century Christian church councils|860s in the Byzantine Empire|Church councils in Constantinople|870s in the Byzantine Empire|Filioque|869|870 |
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