| 词条 | Alexandria on the Caucasus | |||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name = Alexandria on the Caucasus |native_name = Αλεξάνδρεια στον Καύκασο |alternate_name = |image = Menander coin collected by Charles Masson.jpg |alt = |caption = Menander I coin |map_type = Afghanistan |map_alt = |map_size = 250 |location = Afghanistan |region = Parwan Province |coordinates = {{Coord|34|59|45|N|69|18|39|E|display=inline,title}} |type = Settlement |part_of = |length = |width = |area = |height = |builder = Alexander the Great |material = |built = |abandoned = |epochs = |cultures = |dependency_of = |occupants = |event = |excavations = |archaeologists = |condition = |ownership = |management = |public_access = |website = |notes = }}Alexandria in the Caucasus ({{lang-el|Αλεξάνδρεια στον Καύκασο}}) (medieval Kapisa, modern Bagram) was a colony of Alexander the Great (one of many colonies designated with the name Alexandria). He founded the colony at an important junction of communications in the southern foothills of the Hindu Kush mountains, in the country of the Paropamisadae.[1] In Classical times, the Hindu Kush were also designated as the "Caucasus"[2][3][4] in parallel to their Western equivalent, the Caucasus Mountains between Europe and Asia. Alexander the GreatAlexander populated the city with 7,000 Macedonians, 3,000 mercenaries and thousands of natives (according to Curtius VII.3.23), or some 7,000 natives and 3,000 non-military camp followers and a number of Greek mercenaries (Diodorus, XVII.83.2), in March 329 BC. He had also built forts in what is now Bagram, Afghanistan, at the foot of the Hindu Kush, replacing forts erected in much the same place by Persia's king Cyrus the Great c. 500 BC, Alexandria being in fact a refoundation of an Achaemenid settlement called Kapisa.[4] The divinity of the city seems to have been Zeus, as suggested by coins of the Greco-Bactrian king Eucratides.[5] Indo-Greek capitalAlexandria of the Caucasus was one of the capitals of the Indo-Greek kings (180 BC-AD 10).[5] During the reign of Menander I the city was recorded as having a thriving Buddhist community, headed by Greek monks. In epic Sri Lankan poem Mahavamsa mentions the Greek (Pali: Yona, lit: "Ionian") Buddhist monk Mahadhammarakkhita ({{lang-sa|Mahadharmaraksita}}), who is said to have come from “Alasandra” (thought to be Alexandria of the Caucasus), with 30,000 monks for the foundation ceremony of the Maha Thupa at Anuradhapura in Sri Lanka: "From Alasanda the city of the Yonas came the thera (elder) Yona Mahadhammarakkhita with thirty thousand bhikkhus."[6] ArchaeologySome archaeological evidence concerning Alexandria of the Caucasus was gathered by Charles Masson (1800–1853), providing insight into the history of that lost city.[7] His findings include coins, rings, seals and other small objects. In the 1930s Roman Ghirshman, while conducting excavations near Bagram, found Egyptian and Syrian glassware, bronze statuettes, bowls, the Begram ivories and other objects including statues.[8] This is an indication that Alexander's conquests opened India to imports from the west. Today the cities' remains feature a rectangular tell 500 by 200 metres in area and a nearby circular citadel about 3km northeast of Bagram Airforce base. GallerySee also
References1. ^{{Cite book|title=The life and death of Alexander the Great, King of Macedon in ten books|last=Curtius Rufus|first=Quintus|publisher=Text Creation Partnership|year=2007|isbn=|location=Ann Arbor, Michigan|pages=281}} {{Hellenistic colonies}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Alexandria On The Caucasus}}2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://swarajyamag.com/ideas/an-oasis-of-indicness-how-the-kalash-of-pakistan-are-battling-extinction|title=An Oasis Of Indicness: How The Kalash Of Pakistan Are Battling Extinction|access-date=2018-11-02}} 3. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.livius.org/sources/content/curtius-rufus/alexander-in-the-hindu-kush/|title=Alexander in the Hindu Kush - Livius|website=www.livius.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02}} 4. ^1 {{Cite web|url=http://www.livius.org/articles/place/alexandria-in-the-caucasus-begram/|title=Alexandria in the Caucasus (Begram) - Livius|website=www.livius.org|language=en|access-date=2018-11-02}} 5. ^1 {{Citation|last=Tarn|first=William Woodthorpe|title=Alexandria of the Caucasus and Kapisa|date=1966|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/books/greeks-in-bactria-and-india/alexandria-of-the-caucasus-and-kapisa/6681C84EC8D87918C0A18CFE67D4EFA7|work=The Greeks in Bactria and India|volume=|pages=460–462|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=en|doi=10.1017/CBO9780511707353.019|isbn=9780511707353|access-date=2 November 2018}} 6. ^{{Cite web|url=http://mahavamsa.org/mahavamsa/original-version/29-beginning-great-thupa/|title=THE MAHAVAMSA » 29: Beginning of the Great Thupa|website=mahavamsa.org|access-date=2018-11-02}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Richardson|first=E.|date=2012-07-25|title=Mr Masson and the lost cities: a Victorian journey to the edges of remembrance|url=https://academic.oup.com/crj/article-abstract/5/1/84/403922?redirectedFrom=PDF|journal=Classical Receptions Journal|language=en|volume=5|issue=1|pages=84–105|doi=10.1093/crj/cls008|issn=1759-5134}} 8. ^{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.ro/books?id=TaSOCgAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover#v=onepage&q&f=false|title=Catalogue of the National Museum of Afghanistan, 1931-1985|last=Francine|first=Tissot|date=2006-12-31|publisher=UNESCO Publishing|isbn=9789231040306|location=Paris, France|pages=354|language=en}} 10 : 329 BC|Seleucid colonies|Populated places established in the 4th century BC|Cities founded by Alexander the Great|Bactrian and Indian Hellenistic period|Former populated places in Afghanistan|Cities in Central Asia|Hellenistic sites in Afghanistan|Tells|320s BC establishments |
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