| 词条 | Alexandrine parakeet | ||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
|name=Alexandrine parakeet |status=NT |status_system=IUCN3.1 |status_ref=[1] |image=Alexandrine Parakeet Psittacula eupatria by Dr. Raju Kasambe DSCN1240 (20).jpg |image_caption=Male |image2=Female Alexandrine Parakeet 4.jpg |image2_caption=Female |genus=Psittacula |species=eupatria |authority=(Linnaeus, 1766) |range_map=Psittacula eupatria range map.png |range_map_caption=Native range of Psittacula eupatria |synonyms=Psittacus eupatria {{small|Linnaeus 1766}} }} The Alexandrine parakeet (Psittacula eupatria), also known as the Alexandrine parrot, is a medium-sized parrot in the genus Psittacula of the family Psittacidae. It is named after Alexander the Great, who transported numerous birds from Punjab to various European and Mediterranean countries and regions, where they were prized by the royalty, nobility and warlords.[2][3] The Alexandrine parakeet has established feral populations in Spain, England, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Qatar, the United Arab Emirates, Iran, Hong Kong, and Japan, where it lives alongside feral populations of its close relative, the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri).[1][2][4][5][6] Taxonomy and etymologyThe Alexandrine parakeet was first described by French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson as Psittaca Ginginiana or "La Perruche de Gingi" (The Gingi's Parakeet) in 1760; after the town of Gingee in southeastern India, which was a French outpost then. The birds may, however, merely have been held in captivity there.[7] Carl Linnaeus redescribed the Alexandrine parakeet in 1766 as Psittacus eupatria.[8] The genus name Psittacula is a diminutive of the Latin word psittacus meaning "parrot", and the specific name eupatria is derived from the Ancient Greek words eu- meaning "well" and patriá meaning "descent".[9][10][11] PhylogenyGenetic analysis of the mitochondrial cytochrome b sequences of Psittacula parakeets has shown that the Alexandrine parakeet diverged from the lineage that gave rise to the rose-ringed parakeet (Psittacula krameri) and the Mauritius parakeet (Psittacula eques) about 5 million years ago.[12]DescriptionThe Alexandrine parakeet is one of the largest parakeets, measuring {{convert|56|to|62|cm|in|abbr=on}} from the top of the head to the tip of the tail and weighing {{convert|200|to|300|g|oz|abbr=on}}. The tail measures {{convert|28|to|35|cm|in|abbr=on}}.[2][13] It is predominantly green with a light blue-grey sheen on the cheeks and nape (back of the neck), yellow-green abdomen, red patch on the shoulders and massive red beak with yellow tips. The upperside of the tail passes from green at the top to blue further down, and is yellow at the tip. The underside of the tail is yellow.[2][13][14] Adults are sexually dimorphic. Adult males have a black stripe across their lower cheeks and a pink band on their nape. Adult females lack both a black stripe across their lower cheeks and a pink band on their nape. The young are similar in appearance to adult females but have shorter tails.[2][15] SubspeciesFive subspecies of the Alexandrine parakeet are currently recognized. Information on the distribution and plumage differences of the different subspecies is given below.[2][15]
Ecology and behaviourThe Alexandrine parakeet lives in forests, woodlands, agricultural lands and mangrove forests at elevations of up to 900 m (3,000 ft). It eats a variety of wild and cultivated seeds, buds, fruits and nuts. Flocks can cause extensive damage to ripening fruits and grain crops like maize and jowar. It usually lives in small flocks, but forms larger groups in areas where food is abundant or at communal roosts.[2][14] The Alexandrine parakeet has a variety of calls, including a ringing trrrieuw, loud kree-aar or keeak, deep klak-klak-klak-klak and resonant gr-aak. Its calls are usually deeper, harsher and more resonant than those of the rose-ringed parakeet. Its voice becomes harsher when alarmed, and it shrieks loudly when mobbing predators. Flocks occasionally excitedly vocalize together. It is known to imitate human speech in captivity.[2][14][15][16] BreedingAlexandrine parakeets breed from November to April in their native range. They usually nest in tree hollows, but sometimes use tree holes excavated by themselves or cracks in buildings. Females lay 2 to 4 white, blunt oval-shaped eggs, measuring {{convert|27|to|34|mm|in|abbr=on}}. The average incubation period is 24 days. The chicks fledge at about 7 weeks of age, and are dependent on their parents until 3 to 4 months of age.[2][14] AvicultureAlexandrine parakeets are relatively popular companion birds due to their long lifespan in captivity, playful behaviour and ability to mimic human speech. Alexander the Great is thought to have kept one as a pet. They are one of the most sought-after cage birds in the Indian market. According to CITES trade data, at least 57,772 Alexandrine parakeets were imported into countries outside their native range between 1981 and 2014.[1][3][4][17] ConservationThe Alexandrine parakeet is listed as near threatened by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) because of its steep population decline in its native range due to habitat loss, persecution and excessive capture to cater to the demands of the illegal wildlife trade. It is sporadic in South India, uncommon in Bangladesh, and declining in North Bengal and certain parts of Sri Lanka. It has suffered the greatest population declines in the Sindh and Punjab provinces of Pakistan, Laos, northwestern and southwestern Cambodia, and Thailand.[1][18][19] The sale of Alexandrine parakeets is banned in Pakistan, but they can be found being openly sold in the markets of Lahore and Rawalpindi. Their sale is also banned in India, and yet they are sold in broad daylight in urban bird markets, suggesting that the Indian government is allocating insufficient resources for their protection.[17][19] CultureThailand, Mongolia and Iran have issued postage stamps depicting the Alexandrine parakeet.[20][21][22][23] References1. ^1 2 3 {{IUCN|id=22685434|title=Psittacula eupatria|assessor=BirdLife International|assessorlink=BirdLife International|version=2017.1|year=2017|accessdate=18 June 2018|page=e.T22685434A110985466|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22685434/0|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-1.RLTS.T22685434A110985466.en}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{Cite book|last=del Hoyo|first=Josep|last2=Nigel J.|first2=Collar|last3=David A.|first3=Christie|last4=Andrew|first4=Elliot|last5=Lincoln D.C|first5=Fishpool|title=HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World|publisher=Lynx Edicions|year=2014|isbn=978-8496553941|volume=Volume 1: Non-passerines|location=Barcelona|title-link=HBW and BirdLife International Illustrated Checklist of the Birds of the World}} 3. ^1 {{cite web|last=Campbell-Johnston|first=Rachel|authorlink=Rachel Campbell-Johnston|title=A squawk on the wild side|work=The Times|date=13 February 2007|accessdate=16 January 2013|url=http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/arts/article2394250.ece}} 4. ^1 {{Cite journal|last=Ancillotto|first=Leonardo|last2=Strubbe|first2=Diederik|last3=Menchetti|first3=Mattia|last4=Mori|first4=Emiliano|date=27 November 2015|title=An overlooked invader? Ecological niche, invasion success and range dynamics of the Alexandrine parakeet in the invaded range|journal=Biological Invasions|language=en|volume=18|issue=2|pages=583–595|doi=10.1007/s10530-015-1032-y|issn=1387-3547}} 5. ^{{Cite web|last=Coughlan|first=Sean|title=Wild parrots settle in suburbs|date=6 July 2004|website=BBC News|accessdate=16 February 2018|url=http://newswww.bbc.net.uk/2/hi/uk_news/education/3869815.stm}} 6. ^{{IUCN|id=22685441|title=Psittacula krameri|assessor=BirdLife International|assessorlink=BirdLife International|version=2016.3|year=2016|accessdate=18 June 2018|page=e.T22685441A93073464|url=http://www.iucnredlist.org/details/22685441/0|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22685441A93073464.en}} 7. ^{{cite book|first=Mathurin Jacques|last=Brisson|authorlink=Mathurin Jacques Brisson|title=Ornithologia, sive Synopsis methodica sistens avium divisionem in ordines, sectiones, genera, species, ipsarumque varietates.|language=Latin|publisher=Bauche|year=1760|volume=4|page=343|url=http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k99029q/f364.image|location=Paris, Leiden}} 8. ^{{cite book|last=Linnaeus|first=Carl|authorlink=Carl Linnaeus|title=Systema Naturae per Regna Tria Naturae, Secundum Classes, Ordines, Genera, Species, cum Characteribus, Differentiis, Synonymis, Locis|publisher=(Laurentii Salvii)|location=Holmiae|volume= Vol. I|edition=12th |language=Latin|year=1766|page=140|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/42946336}} 9. ^{{cite book|last=Gill|first=Frank|authorlink=Frank Gill (ornithologist)|last2=Wright|first2=Minturn|title=Birds of the World: Recommended English Names|publisher=Princeton University Press|year=2006|location=Princeton|isbn=978-0691128276|title-link=Birds of the World: Recommended English Names}} 10. ^{{cite book|author=Liddell|first=Henry George|authorlink=Henry George Liddell|author2=Scott|first2=Robert|authorlink2=Robert Scott (philologist)|title=A Greek–English Lexicon|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1940|edition=Ninth|location=Oxford|chapter=εὖ|chapterurl=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0057:entry=eu)=|title-link=A Greek–English Lexicon}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=Liddell|first=Henry George|authorlink=Henry George Liddell|author2=Scott|first2=Robert|authorlink2=Robert Scott (philologist)|title=A Greek–English Lexicon|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1940|edition=Ninth|location=Oxford|chapter=πατριά|chapterurl=http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0058:entry=patria/|title-link=A Greek–English Lexicon}} 12. ^{{Cite journal|last=Groombridge|first=Jim J.|last2=Jones|first2=Carl G.|last3=Nichols|first3=Richard A.|last4=Carlton|first4=Mark|last5=Bruford|first5=Michael W.|title=Molecular phylogeny and morphological change in the Psittacula parakeets|date=April 2004|journal=Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution|volume=31|issue=1|pages=96–108|doi=10.1016/j.ympev.2003.07.008|issn=1055-7903|pmid=15019611}} 13. ^1 {{cite book|last=Blanford|first=William Thomas|authorlink=William Thomas Blanford|year=1895|title=The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon and Burma. Birds.|volume=3|publisher=Taylor and Francis|place=London|url=https://archive.org/details/faunaofbritishin03oate}} 14. ^1 2 3 {{Cite book|first=Salim|last=Ali|authorlink=Salim Ali|title=The Book of Indian Birds|publisher=Oxford University Press|orig-year=1941|edition=13|year=2003|isbn=978-0195665239|title-link=Book of Indian Birds}} 15. ^1 2 {{Cite book|last=Forshaw|first=Joseph M.|authorlink=Joseph Forshaw|last2=Knight|first2=Frank|authorlink2=Frank Knight (artist)|title=Parrots of the World|publisher=Princeton University Press|location=Princeton, NJ|year=2010|isbn=978-0643100572}} 16. ^{{Cite book|last=Juniper|first=Tony|authorlink=Tony Juniper|last2=Parr|first2=Mike|title=Parrots: A Guide to the Parrots of the World|publisher=Yale University Press|location=New Haven, CT|year=1998|isbn=978-0300074536}} 17. ^1 {{Cite news|title=TRAFFIC helps to claw back illegal parrot trade in India|publisher=World Wide Fund for Nature|date=15 February 2012|accessdate=4 November 2018|url=https://www.wwfindia.org/?6900/TRAFFIC-helps-to-claw-back-illegal-parrot-trade-in-India|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20181104070654/https://www.wwfindia.org/?6900%2FTRAFFIC-helps-to-claw-back-illegal-parrot-trade-in-India|archivedate=2018-11-04|dead-url=no|df=}} 18. ^{{Cite book|title=Red List of Bangladesh Volume 3: Birds|year=2015|accessdate=18 June 2018|page=375|publisher=International Union for Conservation of Nature|work=IUCN Bangladesh|location=Dhaka|url=https://portals.iucn.org/library/sites/library/files/documents/RL-549.3-003-v.3.pdf|isbn=9789843407368}} 19. ^1 {{Cite news|title=Parrots population declining fast in Sindh and Punjab: survey|last=Ilyas|first=Faizawork|work=Dawn|date=10 March 2013|accessdate=18 February 2018|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/791596|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180220130042/https://www.dawn.com/news/791596|archivedate=20 February 2018}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Alexandrine Parakeet at Bird-Stamps|accessdate=24 October 2013|url=http://www.bird-stamps.org/cspecies/7413500.html}} 21. ^{{cite web|title=Birds on Stamps: Thailand|accessdate=24 October 2013|url=http://www.birdtheme.org/country/thailand.html#18}} 22. ^{{cite web|title=Birds on Stamps: Mongolia|accessdate=24 October 2013|url=http://www.birdtheme.org/country/mongolia.html#29}} 23. ^{{cite web|accessdate=24 October 2013|url=http://www.birdtheme.org/country/iran.html#22|title=Birds on Stamps: Iran}} Further reading
External links{{Commons category|Psittacula_eupatria|Psittacula eupatria}}
7 : Psittacula|Parrots of Asia|Feral parrots|Birds of South Asia|Birds of Southeast Asia|Birds described in 1766|Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus |
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