| 词条 | France–Lebanon relations |
| 释义 |
France–Lebanon relations are the international relations between the Lebanese Republic and the French Republic. France, the former colonial power, enjoys friendly relations with Lebanon and has often provided support to the Lebanese.[1][2] The French language is widely spoken fluently throughout Lebanon and is taught as well as used as a medium of education in many Lebanese schools. Both nations are members of the Francophonie. HistoryFrench ColonialismIn 1920, soon after the end of World War I, the League of Nations mandated that Lebanon would be administered by France after the Partition of the Ottoman Empire. Lebanon became part of the French Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and administered from Damascus and officially part of the French colonial empire.[3] From November 1929 to November 1931, Charles de Gaulle was posted as General Staff of the Levant Troops in Beirut.[4] Initially during World War II, Lebanon was administered by Vichy France, however, by 1942, the territory came under Free France. In August of that same year, General De Gaulle returned to Lebanon to meet with the occupying British forces who entered the territory to prevent German advances into the levant.[5] In March 1943, using the 1932 census, France distributed seats in the Lebanese parliament on a ratio of six-to-five in favor of Christians. This is later extended to other public offices. The president is to be a Maronite Christian, the prime minister a Sunni Muslim and the Speaker of the Chamber of Deputies a Shia Muslim.[3] In January 1944, France agreed to transfer power to the Lebanese government thus granting the territory independence.[3] Lebanese Civil WarDuring the Lebanese Civil War, France was an active member in the creation of the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and voted in favor of numerous UN Resolutions regarding Lebanon such as Resolution 501, Resolution 508, Resolution 511, Resolution 511, Resolution 594 and Resolution 599. France was also a member of the Multinational Force in Lebanon and in 1982, during Operation Épaulard I, headquartered from the Beirut Internal Airport, French Armed Forces and Paratroopers were sent to the coastal parts of West Beirut and the seaport to ensure peace in those regions. From 1982 - 1984, France was tasked with training the Lebanese Armed Forces. During that same period, France lost more than 89 soldiers out of which 58 French Paratroopers were killed in the 1983 Beirut barracks bombings.[6] Post civil warAfter 1990, France continued to give Lebanon a modest military assistance. Since the end of the Lebanese civil war, relations between both nations have improved and strengthened. With regards to policy of cooperation and development between both nations, there are five main objectives: the consolidation of the rule of law, economic and social development, protection of the environment and heritage, university cooperation and research, cultural exchanges and the debate of ideas.[7] There have been numerous high-level visits between leaders of both nations. After the Cedar Revolution in 2005, Syria withdrew its troops from the country.[3] In April 2009, French and Lebanese officials approved the framework of a security agreement that besides improving bilateral relations include drugs and arms trafficking, illegal immigration and cyber-crime. On 4 November 2017, Lebanese Prime Minister Saad Hariri resigned in a televised statement from Saudi Arabia over fears of assassination by Iran. Later that month, with the intervention by French President Emmanuel Macron, Hariri was allowed to leave Saudi Arabia (where he also holds citizenship) and travelled to Paris. On 5 December 2017, Hariri rescinded his resignation and stated: All (the government’s) political components decided to dissociate themselves from all conflicts, disputes, wars or the internal affairs of brother Arab countries, in order to preserve Lebanon’s economic and political relations.[8]French President Emmanuel Macron intervention was in aims in part to put pressure on Saudi Arabia and Iran to desist from interference in Lebanon.[8] MigrationSince the French Mandate of Lebanon, several thousands Lebanese immigrated to France. Initially, most of the Lebanese who migrated to France were Christians, however, most are now Muslims who migrate to France.[9] Many left Lebanon due to religious tension in the country and due to the civil wars and invasion from Israel into the country. There are over 150,000 people of Lebanese origin currently residing in France today.[10] TransportationThere are direct flights between France and Lebanon with the following airlines: Aigle Azur, Air France, Middle East Airlines and Transavia France. TradeIn 2016, trade between France and Lebanon totaled €934 million Euros.[11] France is one of Lebanon's main trading partners and more than 4,500 French companies export to Lebanon.[7] In 2015, French direct investment in Lebanon totaled €534 million Euros.[7] Nearly a hundred French companies operate in Lebanon in various sectors such as in the agricultural, telecommunications, retail, petroleum industry and financial services.[7] Resident diplomatic missions
See also
References1. ^France takes lead role on Lebanon - BBC News 2. ^French nearly fired at Israelis - BBC News 3. ^1 2 3 [https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-14649284 BBC: Lebanon profile - Timeline] 4. ^[https://www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com/Le-commandant-de-Gaulle-au-Levant.html Le Commandant De Gaulle au levant de 1929 à 1931 (in French)] 5. ^[https://www.lesclesdumoyenorient.com/Ete-1942-le-general-de-Gaulle-en-Syrie-et-au-Liban-dans-le-contexte-des-2169.html Eté 1942 : Le Général De Gaulle en Syrie et au Liban Dans le contexte des difficiles relations avec les Britanniques (2/2) (in French)] 6. ^Attentat du Drakkar : 30 ans après le drame, des larmes et des doutes (in French) 7. ^1 2 3 [https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/liban/relations-bilaterales/ Diplomatie: Relations bilatérales (in French)] 8. ^1 [https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-politics/lebanons-hariri-rescinds-resignation-drawing-line-under-crisis-idUSKBN1DZ1CG Lebanon's Hariri rescinds resignation, drawing line under crisis] 9. ^Lebanon: A Country of Emigration and Immigration 10. ^[https://www.yvelines.fr/2012/09/18/les-libanais-de-france-une-integration-volontaire-reussie/ Les Libanais de France : l’ouverture aux autres comme facteur d’intégration (in French)] 11. ^[https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/fr/dossiers-pays/liban/presentation-du-liban/ Présentation du Liban (in French)] 12. ^[https://lb.ambafrance.org/ Embassy of France in Beirut] 13. ^Embassy of Lebanon in Paris Bibliography
External links
4 : Bilateral relations of France|Bilateral relations of Lebanon|France–Lebanon relations|Relations of colonizer and former colony |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。