| 词条 | Francis Lewis Cardozo |
| 释义 |
| name = Francis Lewis Cardozo | image = Francis Lewis Cardozo.jpg | alt = Francis Lewis Cardozo | caption = Francis Lewis Cardozo | order = | office1 = Secretary of State of South Carolina | term_start1 = 1868 | term_end1 = 1872 | predecessor1 = | successor1 = Henry E. Hayne | office2 = South Carolina state treasurer | term_start2 = August 1, 1872 | term_end2 = May 1, 1877 | predecessor2 = | successor2 = | state_house3 = | office3 = | term_start3 = | term_end3 = | birth_date = {{birth date|1836|2|1}} | birth_place = Charleston, South Carolina, U.S. | death_date = {{death date and age|1903|7|22|1836|2|1}} | death_place = | restingplace = | nationality = American | alma_mater = University of Glasgow | party = Republican | spouse = Catherine Rowena Howell | children = 4 sons 2 daughters | relatives = Eslanda Goode Robeson (granddaughter) Benjamin N. Cardozo (distant relative) | religion = Christianity | profession = Clergyman, politician, educator | signature = | signature_alt = | branch = | serviceyears = | rank = }} Francis Lewis Cardozo (February 1, 1836 – July 22, 1903) was an American clergyman, politician, and educator. When elected in South Carolina as Secretary of State in 1868, he was the first African American to hold a statewide office in the United States. Born free during the slavery time in Charleston, South Carolina to a mother who was a free woman of color and a Sephardic Jewish father, Cardozo gained his higher education in Scotland. He served as a minister in New Haven, Connecticut, before returning to South Carolina in 1865 with the American Missionary Association to establish schools for freedmen after the Civil War. After working in South Carolina during Reconstruction, Cardozo received an appointment in 1878 at the Department of Treasury in Washington, DC. Later he served twelve years as principal of a major public high school, and lived in the capital for the rest of his life. Early yearsFrancis Cardozo was born in Charleston as the second of three sons of Lydia Williams, a free woman of color, and Isaac Nunez Cardozo, a Sephardic Jewish man who had a position at the US Customhouse in the port city.[1] The children were born free because their mother was free. His parents had a common-law marriage, as state law prevented interracial marriage. Francis had an older brother, Henry, and younger brother, Thomas Whitmarsh Cardozo (1839-1881).[1] Their father arranged for the boys to attend a private school open to free blacks. Isaac died in 1855, disrupting the stability and economic safety of the family.[1] As a young man, Cardozo worked as a carpenter and a shipbuilder.[1] Thomas was apprenticed to a manufacturer of threshing machines, but two years later, he and his mother moved to New York City. There he finished his education, married and became a teacher.[1] Francis Cardozo went to Scotland for higher education. In 1858, he enrolled at the University of Glasgow. Later, he attended seminaries in Edinburgh and London. He was ordained a Presbyterian minister.[1] After returning to the United States, in 1864 Cardozo became pastor of the Temple Street Congregational Church in New Haven, Connecticut. He married Catherine Rowena Howell. They had six children through their marriage: four sons and two daughters. One daughter died as an infant.[1] Return South, 1865In 1865, Cardozo returned to Charleston as an agent of the American Missionary Association. He succeeded his brother, Thomas Cardozo, as superintendent of an AMA school. (The AMA established both primary schools and colleges for freedmen in the South in the post-Civil War years.) Cardozo developed this school as the Avery Normal Institute, one of the first free secondary schools for African Americans. It was established to train teachers, as freedmen sought education for their children and themselves as one of their highest priorities.[1] In the 21st century, the Avery Institute has been incorporated as part of the College of Charleston. His brother, Thomas W. Cardozo, moved to Vicksburg, Mississippi, with his wife in 1871, where they both worked as teachers. Thomas W. Cardozo became involved in politics and was elected as circuit court clerk of Warren County in 1872. He was elected as state superintendent of education in 1874 but was indicted later that year by Vicksburg white-line conservatives. The jury could not reach a verdict, but political attacks on him continued. In 1875 the newly Democratic-majority legislature brought impeachment charges against him. In 1876 Thomas W. Cardozo agreed to resign and left the state, moving to Massachusetts. Thomas W. Cardozo died in 1881 at the age of 42. Thomas W. Cardozo is seen to have "capitalized on party weaknesses and eventually brought opprobrium on himself and his party."[2] Political careerFrancis Cardozo became active in the Republican Party in South Carolina and was elected as a delegate to the 1868 South Carolina constitutional convention. As chair of the education committee, he advocated establishing integrated public schools in the state. The legislature ratified a new constitution in 1868 that provided for integration of schools. He was elected Secretary of State in South Carolina in 1868, and was the first African American to hold a statewide office in the United States. Cardozo reformed the South Carolina Land Commission, which distributed limited amounts of land to former slaves. During his term as secretary of state, he was chosen as professor of Latin at Howard University in Washington, DC, and advised the governor of his intention to resign. The governor helped approve an arrangement by which Cardozo could retain the office and also teach at Howard. A deputy was appointedHe taught at Howard until March 1872.[1] Cardozo was elected as state treasurer in 1872. After he did not cooperate with corruption, some legislators unsuccessfully tried to impeach Cardozo in 1874. He was reelected in 1874 and 1876, although the latter election was one in which Democrats swept most offices and took over control of the state legislature and governor's seat. South Carolina elections had been increasingly marked by violence as Democrats sought to suppress the black Republican vote. The 1876 gubernatorial election season was also violent and featured widespread fraud at the polls and disputes over counts. In the end, White Democrats regained control of the state government after a compromise at the national level led to the federal government abandoning Reconstruction. This included the removal of remaining federal troops from the South that year and other steps, including supporting Democrat Wade Hampton III's claim for the governorship in a disputed election. As customary in a change of administrations, Hampton demanded Cardozo's resignation and he left office on May 1, 1877.[1] The Democrats prosecuted Cardozo for conspiracy in November 1877. Despite questionable evidence, he was found guilty and served over six months in jail. After the federal government dropped election fraud charges against some Democrats, Cardozo was pardoned in 1879 by Democratic Governor William Dunlap Simpson. In 1878 Cardozo was appointed to a Washington, DC, position in the Treasury Department under Secretary John Sherman.[3] He remained in that position for six years, during which time he worked on education policy for Washington.[1][3] EducatorIn 1884, Cardozo returned to education as a principal of the Colored Preparatory High School in Washington, DC.[3][1] He introduced a business curriculum and made it a leading school for African Americans. He served as principal until 1896. Cardozo was a distant relative of former United States Supreme Court Justice Benjamin N. Cardozo.[4] Francis's granddaughter, Eslanda Cardozo Goode, married renowned singer and political activist Paul Robeson. Legacy and honorsIn 1928, the Department of Business Practice was reorganized as a high school in Northwest Washington, DC and named Cardozo Senior High School in Francis Cardozo's honor.[5] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p428-431 2. ^1 2 3 4 Euline W. Brock, "Thomas W. Cardozo: Fallible Black Reconstruction Leader." The Journal of Southern History 47.2 (1981): 183-206. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2207949 in JSTOR] 3. ^1 2 {{cite web | url = http://www.cardozohs.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=187561&type=d |title = Who is Francis L. Cardozo | publisher = Cardozo Senior High School website | accessdate = September 15, 2017}} 4. ^{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/05/magazine/05rabbi-t.html?hpw=&pagewanted=all |title=Obama's Rabbi |last=Chafets |first=Zev |authorlink=Zev Chafets |newspaper=The New York Times |date=April 2, 2009 |accessdate=May 26, 2013}} 5. ^{{cite web |url=http://cardozohs.com/apps/pages/index.jsp?uREC_ID=187561&type=d |title=Who is Francis L. Cardozo |publisher=Francis L. Cardozo Senior High School |accessdate=May 26, 2013}} Further reading
17 : 1836 births|1903 deaths|Politicians from Charleston, South Carolina|Secretaries of State of South Carolina|American schoolteachers|American people of Portuguese-Jewish descent|African-American people in South Carolina politics|American people of Portuguese descent|Recipients of American gubernatorial pardons|South Carolina Republicans|Washington, D.C. Republicans|State treasurers of South Carolina|African-American Christian clergy|American Christian clergy|American Presbyterian ministers|African-American politicians during the Reconstruction Era|South Carolina politicians convicted of crimes |
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