“Frederick L. Schuman”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

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Frederick L. Schuman

释义

Career
Criticism
Publications
References

Frederick Lewis Schuman (1904–1981), was a historian, an American political scientist and an international relations scholar. He was a professor of history at Williams College for thirty two years after teaching at the University of Chicago, an analyst of international relations, and a social scientist, focusing on the period between World War I and World War II.^[1]^[2]

Career

On the night of December 7, 1941, Schuman told an audience at the Ford Hall Forum, "'The Nazis, Fascists, and Japanese have made one tragic blunder. They allowed themselves to believe that the work of disintegration in America had gone far enough for them to strike. They're wrong.'" He also said that the United States should lead "a new world order and world unity." He urged recognition of the Free French and aid to governments-in-exile in overthrowing quisling regimes, leading toward the overthrow of Hitler. He predicted that Japan could fight for only three or four months.^[3]

He was attacked by the House Un-American Activities Committee in 1943 as having a record of Communist affiliations, and was later assailed by Senator Joseph R. McCarthy. He denied the accusations and successfully withstood efforts by the committee to have him removed as a Government analyst of German radio broadcasts, a post he held for several months in 1942 and 1943 while on leave from Williams.

Although he was ultimately acquitted, many vocal critics, including several Williams alumni, objected to the professor's outspoken liberalism and suspected communism and continued to call for Schuman's dismissal throughout the rest of his career at the college. The professor undertook several very public political and social battles at Williams, including his much-publicized refusal to attend ceremonies during a visit from Lady Bird Johnson, which he considered a tacit indication of support for President Lyndon Johnson's foreign policies on the part of the college.

The term "geo-strategy" was first used by Frederick L. Schuman in his 1942 article "Let Us Learn Our Geopolitics." It was a translation of the German term "Wehrgeopolitik" as used by German geostrategist Karl Haushofer. Previous translations had been attempted, such as "defense-geopolitics." Robert Strausz-Hupé had coined and popularized "war geopolitics" as another alternate translation.[10]

Criticism

Schuman's book Soviet Politics at Home and Abroad was criticised by the writer Dwight Macdonald as "a neo-Stalinist

survey, that is, its author admits practically everything and justifies it in turgid surges of clotted prose as necessary and even praise-worthy".^[4] However, Marshall D. Shulman, the Columbia University professor who was the Carter Administration's leading expert on the Soviet Union, recalled using Dr. Schuman's book, Soviet Politics, at Home and Abroad for a class he taught at City College of New York in the late 1940s.

Schuman's book Russia Since 1917. Four Decades of Soviet Politics also received a negative review from Hilde Macleod in

International Socialist Review, claiming the book contained a "vilification of Trotsky and the Left Opposition".^[5]

Publications

{{cite book |title=American Policy Toward Russia Since 1917: A Study of Diplomatic History, International Law and Public Opinion |year=1928 |publisher=International Publishers |location=New York |oclc=254581962 |url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000335595 |accessdate=2009-10-17}}
{{cite book |title=The Baltic Soviet Republics (introduction) |year=1944 |publisher=National Council of American-Soviet Friendship |location= New York }}
{{cite book |title=War and Diplomacy in the French Republic: An Inquiry into Political Motivations and the Control of Foreign Policy |year=1931 |publisher=McGraw-Hill (Fertig Howard Inc. 1970 ) |location=New York |isbn=0-86527-204-2 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.24960}}
{{cite book |title=International Politics: An Introduction to the Western State System |year=1933 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |oclc=392648 }} (kirja-arvio)
{{cite book |title=Nazi Dictatorship: A Study in Social Pathology and the Politics of Fascism |year=1936 |publisher=Ams Pr Inc |location= |isbn=0-404-56403-8 |oclc= 1743297 }}
{{cite book |title=Germany Since 1918 |year=1937 |publisher=Henry Holt and Company |location=New York |oclc=547150}}
{{cite book |title=Europe on the Eve, the Crises of Diplomacy, 1933-1939 |year=1939 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf (Greenwood Publishing Group 1971)|location=New York |isbn=0-8371-5766-8 |oclc=3041919 }}
{{cite book |title=Night over Europe; the diplomacy of nemesis, 1939-1940 |year=1941 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf (Greenwood Publishing Group 1986)|location=New York |isbn=0-8371-2641-X |oclc=888733 }}
{{cite book |title=International Politics: The Western State System in Transition |year=1941 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |oclc=3122442}}
{{cite book |author= Schuman, Frederick L.|author2=Brodsky, George D. |title=Design for Power: The Struggle for the World |year=1941 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |oclc=543587 }}
{{cite book |title=Soviet Politics at Home and Abroad |year=1946 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |oclc=735395 |url=https://archive.org/details/sovietpoliticsat008138mbp |accessdate=2009-10-17}} (kirja-arvio)
{{cite book |title=The Commonwealth of Man, An Inquiry into Power, Politics and World Government |year=1952 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf (Greenwood Press 1977) |location=New York (Westport CT) |isbn=0-8371-9372-9 }}
{{cite book |title=International Politics: The Western State System in Mid-Century |year=1953 |publisher=McGraw-Hill |location=New York |oclc=1035560 |url=https://www.questia.com/library/book/international-politics-the-western-state-system-in-mid-century-by-frederick-l-schuman.jsp |accessdate=2009-10-17}}
{{cite book |title=Russia since 1917; four decades of Soviet politics |year=1957 |publisher=Alfred A. Knopf |location=New York |oclc=406862 |url=https://archive.org/details/russiasince1917f009793mbp |accessdate=2009-10-17|laysummary=http://prq.sagepub.com/cgi/pdf_extract/11/4/886 |laydate=2009-17-10}}
{{cite book |title=Government in the Soviet Union |year=1961 |publisher=Thomas Y. Crowell Comp |location=New York |oclc=6574402 }}
{{cite book |title=Cold War: Retrospect and Prospect |year=1963 |publisher=Louisiana State University Press |location=Baton Rouge |isbn=0-8071-0126-5 }}
{{cite book |title=Why a department of peace? |year=1969 |publisher=Another Mother for Peace |location=Beverly Hills |oclc=339785 }}

References

1. ^{{cite web|author=Related Articles |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/528427/Frederick-Lewis-Schuman |title=Frederick Lewis Schuman (American political scientist) - Britannica Online Encyclopedia |publisher=Britannica.com |accessdate=2010-08-24}}
2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.swans.com/library/art8/mgc074.html |title=Swans Commentary: History, Patterns, Differences. . . Not Again!, by Milo Clark - mgc074 |publisher=Swans.com |accessdate=2010-08-24}}
3. ^"Victory Seen in 3-4 Months", Boston Traveler, Monday, December 8, 1941, p. 21, reprinted in Eric C. Caren (2001), ed., Pearl Harbor Extra: A Newspaper Account of the United States' Entry into World War II, Edison, NJ: Castle, p. 36.
4. ^Dwight Macdonald, "USSR: A Layman's Reading List". politics magazine, March 1948, (p. 116).
5. ^Hilde Macleod"Dr. Schuman Reconsiders". International Socialist Review, Vol.20 No.1, Winter 1959, pp.29-30.

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