| 词条 | French frigate Surveillante (1778) | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Surveillante was an {{sclass-|Iphigénie|frigate|0}} 32-gun frigate of the French Navy. She took part in the Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War, where she became famous for her battle with {{HMS|Quebec|1760|6}}; in 1783, she brought the news that the war was over to America. She later took part in the French Revolutionary Wars, and was eventually scuttled during the Expédition d'Irlande after sustaining severe damage in a storm. The wreck was found in 1979 and is now a memorial. CareerEarly careerSurveillante was laid down in August 1777 in Lorient as the second frigate of the Iphigénie class, a series of 32-gun frigates carrying 12-pounder guns designed by Léon Guignace. She was launched on 26 March 1778, and commissioned in May. The very same month, she was refitted as to upgrade her hull with copper sheathing, which was being gradually introduced in the French Navy. In June 1778, Surveillante was part of a squadron of five French frigates that were seeking to retaliate against the British for their capture of three French vessels earlier that month, all before any declaration of war. On 24 June, off Ushant, the French encountered {{HMS|Folkestone|1764|6}}, an 8-gun cutter. Folkestone then surrendered to Surveillante.[2] The French took Folkestone into service under her existing name.[3]After her refit, Surveillante took part in the Naval operations in the American Revolutionary War, capturing {{HMS|Spitfire|1778|6}} on 19 April 1779. Battle against HMS Quebec{{Main|Action of 6 October 1779}}On 6 October 1779, off Ushant, Surveillante, under captain Couédic de Kergoaler, met with the 32-gun HMS Quebec, under Captain George Farmer. A furious, three-and-a-half-hour-long combat ensued. Both ships suffered heavy casualties and were completely dismasted. The battle ended when Quebec, firing through her own sails which covered her gunports, took fire and exploded. Surveillante, her hull leaking, had 30 killed and 85 wounded. Her boat rescued whatever British crew had survived, and British and French sailors then had to work together to keep her afloat. She returned to Brest the next day, and the British are said to have been treated as castaways rather than prisoners of war.{{citation needed|date=October 2011}} Numerous paintings and drawings of the battle were made, notably by Auguste-Louis Rossel de Cercy (a key exhibit of the Musée de la Marine in Paris), by George Carter and by Robert Dodd. End of the American war of IndependenceOn 19 February 1781, Surveillante, along with the 64-gun {{ship|French ship|Éveillé|1773|2}}, her sister-ship {{ship|French frigate|Gentille|1778|2}} and the cutter {{ship|French cutter|Guèpe|1778|2}}, captured {{HMS|Romulus|1777|6}} in Chesapeake Bay. In June 1782 Surveillante captured the English merchant vessel Rose. She served as a cartel before being decommissioned at Morlaix in November 1784.[4] In September Surveillante and {{HMS|Ariel|1777|2}} captured the merchant vessel Grand Duc off the coast of Spain. The French navy briefly took her into service before decommissioning, striking off and selling her for £t 72,489 at Brest in 1783.[5] In summer 1783, along with the British frigate {{HMS|Medea|1778|6}}, she sailed to America to announce the Peace of Paris that ended the war between France and Great Britain. In late 1793, under Captain Tréhouart-Beaulieu, she ferried Rear-Admiral Joseph Cambis from New York City to Lorient, as well as other passagers and despatches.[6] LossDuring the French Revolutionary Wars, she captured the packet ship {{ship||Antelope|1780 packet ship|2}} in 1794. Surveillante participated in the Croisière du Grand Hiver, an unsuccessful sortie by the French fleet at Brest on 24 December 1794. She then took part to the Expédition d'Irlande in December 1796. Badly damaged in the tempest and not seaworthy enough to return to France, she was scuttled in Bantry Bay in County Cork, Ireland. Discovery of the wreckAfter the 1979 Whiddy Island Disaster, the wreck of Surveillante was found in {{convert|23|m|ft}} of water. The wreck is now a memorial, and a {{frac|1|6}} model of the ship is now on display at Bantry. Notes, citations, and referencesNotes1. ^The number of guns was reported to be 36 or even 40. Study of the wreck confirms that Surveillante had 32. 2. ^Hepper (1994), pp.51-2 3. ^Demerliac (1996), p.86, #568. 4. ^Demerliac (1996), p.117, #834. 5. ^Demerliac (1996), p.114, #809. 6. ^Fond Marine, p.54 Citations{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}References
External links
6 : Iphigénie-class frigates|Ships built in France|Age of Sail frigates of France|1778 ships|Maritime incidents in 1797|Maritime incidents in 1779 |
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