| 词条 | Jacob Acontius |
| 释义 |
Jacob Acontius ({{lang-it|Jacopo (or Giacomo) Aconcio}}), {{circa|1520|1566}}, was an Italian jurist, theologian, philosopher and engineer. He is now known for his contribution to the history of religious toleration.[1]{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} LifeHe was traditionally thought to have been born at Trento, although it was probably Ossana. He was one of the Italians, like Peter Martyr and Bernardino Ochino, who repudiated papal doctrine and ultimately found refuge in England. Like them, his revolt against Romanism took a more extreme form than Lutheranism, and after a temporary residence in Switzerland and at Strasbourg (between 1557 and 1558), he arrived in England soon after Elizabeth's accession (1559). He had studied law and theology, but his profession was that of an engineer, and in this capacity he found employment with the English government. {{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} On his arrival in London he joined the Dutch Reformed Church in Austin Friars, but he was "infected with Anabaptistical and Arian opinions" and was excluded from the sacrament by Edmund Grindal, bishop of London. He was granted naturalization on 8 October 1561.[2] He was for some time occupied with draining Plumstead marshes, for which object various acts of Parliament were passed at this time.[3] In 1564 he was sent to report on the fortifications of Berwick[4] and it appears that he was known in England for both work as an engineer and a religious reformer and advocate of tolerance during the early Reformation.[5] WorksBefore reaching England he had published a treatise on the methods of investigation, De Methodo, hoc est, de recte investigandarum tradendarumque Scientiarum ratione (Basel, 1558, 8vo); and his critical spirit placed him outside all the recognized religious societies of his time. His heterodoxy is revealed in his Stratagematum Satanae libri octo, sometimes abbreviated as Stratagemata Satanae,[6] published in 1565 and translated into various languages. The Stratagems of Satan are the dogmatic creeds which rent the Christian church. Aconcio sought to find the common denominator of the various creeds; this was essential doctrine, the rest was immaterial. To arrive at this common basis, he had to reduce dogma to a low level, and his result was generally repudiated. {{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Stratagemata Satanae was not translated into English until 1647, but afterwards it became very influential among English liberal theologians.[7] John Selden applied to Aconcio the remark ubi bene, nil melius; ubi male, nemo pejus ("Where good, none better. Where bad, none worse").{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} The dedication of such a work to Queen Elizabeth illustrates the tolerance or religious laxity during the early years of her reign. Aconcio later found another patron in Robert Dudley, 1st Earl of Leicester, and died about 1566.{{sfn|Chisholm|1911}} Publications
References1. ^Chambers Biographical Dictionary, {{ISBN|0-550-18022-2}}, page 6 2. ^Chisholm, 1911: Cal. Slate Papers, Dom. Ser., Addenda, 1547-1566, p. 495. 3. ^Chisholm, 1911: Lords' Journals, vol. i, and Commons' Journals, vol. i., passim. 4. ^Chisholm, 1911: C.S.P. For. Ser. 1564-1565, passim; Acts P.C., 1558-1570, p. 146; his report is now in the Record Office (C.S.P. For. Ser., 1564-1565, No. 512). 5. ^Lynn White, Jr., "Jacopo Aconcio as an Engineer," The American Historical Review 72, no. 2 (1967): 425-44 [doi:10.2307/1859235] and Jean Jacquot, "Acontius and the Progress of Tolerance in England," Bibliothèque d'Humanisme et Renaissance 16, no.2 (1954): 192-206. 6. ^NB for Latin grammar, dropping the two last words justifies the dropping of the genitive. 7. ^{{cite book|last=Kamen|first=Henry|title=Oxford Encyclopedia of the Reformation|year=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=0195064933|page=1|editor=Hans J. Hillerbrand|chapter=Acontius, Jacobus}}
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7 : Year of birth unknown|1560s deaths|People from Trento|Italian Christian theologians|Italian philosophers|Italian engineers|Members of the Dutch Reformed Church |
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