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词条 Functional medicine
释义

  1. Description

  2. Institute for Functional Medicine

  3. References

  4. Further reading

{{for|the assessment and treatment of human behavior|Functional analysis (psychology)}}{{distinguish|Functional disorder}}{{alternative medicine sidebar}}Functional medicine is a form of alternative medicine.[1] Its proponents claim that it focuses on the "root causes" of diseases based on interactions between the environment and the gastrointestinal, endocrine, and immune systems to develop "individualized treatment plans".[2] Opponents have described it as pseudoscience,[3] quackery,[4] and at its essence a rebranding of complementary and alternative medicine.[4] Functional medicine encompasses a number of unproven and disproven methods and treatments.[6][5]

Description

The discipline of functional medicine is vaguely defined by its proponents.[4] Oncologist David Gorski has written that the vagueness is a deliberate tactic which facilitates the discipline's promotion, but that in general it centers on unnecessary and expensive testing procedures performed in the name of "holistic" health care.[6]

Proponents of functional medicine oppose established medical knowledge and reject its models, instead adopting a model of disease based on the notion of "antecedents", "triggers", and "mediators".[10] These are meant to correspond to the underlying causes, the immediate causes, and the particular characteristics of a person's illness respectively.[7] A functional medicine practitioner will devise a "matrix" from these things which acts as a basis for treatment.[7]

Treatments, practices, and concepts will generally be those not supported by medical evidence.[8] These include:

  • Orthomolecular medicine [9]
  • Detoxification of unspecified toxins.[10][11]
  • "Biochemical Individuality" an attempt to coin the notion that the nutritional needs, chemical constitution and disease states are unique for every individual[12]
  • Diagnosis of chronic occult infections (e.g. so-called chronic Lyme disease)[13]
  • Homeopathy, including "Biopuncture", the injection of homeopathic remedies[14]
  • Scientifically unproven nutritional interventions, including avoidance of gluten for people who do not have celiac disease or non-celiac gluten sensitivity[15][16][17][18]
  • Antivaccine advocacy[4] including promotion of the discredited link between MMR vaccine and autism[19]
  • Leaky gut syndrome[20][21][22]

Institute for Functional Medicine

{{Infobox Organization
| name = Institute for Functional Medicine
| image =
| founded_date = 1991
| focus = "To serve the highest expression of individual health through the widespread adoption of functional medicine as the standard of care."[23]
| method = Education, Research, Collaboration
| founder = Jeffrey Bland, PhD
| key_people = Mark Hyman, MD, Chairman
| homepage = [https://www.functionalmedicine.org/ functionalmedicine.org]
}}

Functional medicine was invented by nutritionist Jeffrey Bland.[24] He and Susan Bland founded the Institute for Functional Medicine in 1991 as a division of HealthComm.[31][25] That year, the U.S. Federal Trade Commission said that Jeffrey Bland's corporations HealthComm and Nu-Day Enterprises had falsely advanced claims that their products could alter metabolism and induce weight loss.[26] The FTC found that Bland and his companies violated that consent order in 1995 by making more exaggerated claims. The UltraClear dietary program was said to provide relief from gastrointestinal problems, inflammatory and immunologic problems, fatigue, food allergies, mercury exposure, kidney disorders, and rheumatoid arthritis. The companies were forced to pay a $45,000 civil penalty.[26]

The opening of centers for functional medicine at the Cleveland Clinic Foundation and at George Washington University has been described by Gorski as an "unfortunate" example of pseudoscientific quackery infiltrating medical academia.[4]

References

1. ^{{cite journal |last= Pal |first= SK |title= Complementary and alternative medicine: An overview |journal= Current Science |volume= 82 |issue= 5 |pages= 518–24 |date= March 2002 |jstor= 24105958 }}
2. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ehrlich |first1=G |first2=T |last2=Callender |first3=B |last3=Gaster |title=Integrative medicine at academic health centers: A survey of clinicians' educational backgrounds and practices |journal=Family Medicine |date=May 2013 |volume=45 |issue=5 |pages=330–4 |pmid=23681684 |url= http://www.stfm.org/fmhub/fm2013/May/Gillian330.pdf |accessdate= October 8, 2013}}
3. ^{{cite magazine |url=https://www.skeptic.com/reading_room/why-functional-medicine-is-bogus/ |title=Functional Medicine: Pseudoscientific Silliness |last=Hall |first=Harriet |year=2017 |magazine=Skeptic |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=4–5}}
4. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |website=Science–Based Medicine |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/quackademia-update-2014/ |last= Gorski |first=David |authorlink= David Gorski |title=Quackademia update: The Cleveland Clinic, George Washington University, and the continued infiltration of quackery into medical academia |accessdate= 2016-12-02 |date= September 29, 2014}}
5. ^{{cite web |last=Sampson |first=Wallace |authorlink=Wallace Sampson |title=Functional Medicine (FM) What Is It?|url=http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/fuctional-medicine-fm-what-is-it/ |work=Science Based Medicine |accessdate=May 20, 2014 |date=July 9, 2009}}
6. ^{{cite web |url=https://sciencebasedmedicine.org/functional-medicine-the-ultimate-misnomer-in-the-world-of-integrative-medicine/ |title=Functional medicine: The ultimate misnomer in the world of integrative medicine |last=Gorski |first=David |date=11 April 2016 |website=Science Based Medicine}}
7. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|journal=Patient |title=Therapies and Theories Outside Traditional Medicine |accessdate=11 December 2015 |author=Knott L |url=http://patient.info/doctor/therapies-and-theories-outside-traditional-medicine |date=6 February 2015}}
8. ^1 {{cite web |last= Sampson |first= Wallace |authorlink= Wallace Sampson |title= Functional Medicine – New Kid on the Block |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/?p=271 |work= Science-Based Medicine |date= October 30, 2008 |accessdate= }}
9. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.centerforfunctionalmed.com/nutritional_medicine_orthomolecular_medicine.htm |title=Nutritional Medicine/Orthomolecular Medicine |website= Center for Functional Medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828185755/http://centerforfunctionalmed.com/nutritional_medicine_orthomolecular_medicine.htm |archive-date=2013-08-28 |dead-url=yes }}
10. ^{{cite web |url=http://drhyman.com/blog/2010/04/28/ultrawellness-lesson-5-detoxification/ |title=UltraWellness Lesson 5: Detoxification |last1=Hyman |first1=Mark |date=28 April 2010 |website=Dr. Hyman |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120319021111/http://drhyman.com/blog/2010/04/28/ultrawellness-lesson-5-detoxification/ |archive-date=28 April 2010 |dead-url=no}}
11. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.centerforfunctionalmed.com/detoxification_heavy_metals.htm |title=Detoxification/Heavy Metals |website=Center for Functional Medicine |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130828183044/http://centerforfunctionalmed.com/detoxification_heavy_metals.htm |archive-date=2013-08-28 |dead-url=yes}}
12. ^{{cite book |last1=Jonas |first1=Wayne |title=Mosby's Dictionary of Complementary and Alternative Medicine |date=2005 |isbn=978-0323025164}}{{full citation needed|date=July 2014}}
13. ^{{citation |last= Hyman |first= Mark |authorlink= Mark Hyman (doctor) |date= 2009 |title= Systems biology, toxins, obesity, and functional medicine |url= http://drhyman.com/downloads/Toxins-and-Obesity.pdf |work= 13th International Symposium of the Institute for Functional Medicine |accessdate= November 10, 2014 |postscript= .}}
14. ^{{cite journal |last= Prescott |first= David |date= June 2007 |title= Lessons from the California practice rights litigation |journal= Chiropractic Journal |volume= 21 |issue= 9 |pages= 11, 41}}
15. ^{{cite journal |last1= Gaesser |first1= G |last2= Angadi |first2= S |title= Gluten-free diet: Imprudent dietary advice for the general population? |journal= Journal of the Academy of Nutrition and Dietetics |date= September 2012 |volume= 112 |issue= 9 |pages= 1330–3 |doi= 10.1016/j.jand.2012.06.009 |url= http://www.andjrnl.org/article/S2212-2672(12)00743-5/fulltext |accessdate= October 18, 2014 |ref= Gluten1 |pmid=22939437}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last1= Marcason |first1= W |title= Is there evidence to support the claim that a gluten-free diet should be used for weight loss? |journal= Journal of the American Dietetic Association |date= November 2011 |volume= 111 |issue= 11 |page= 1786 |doi= 10.1016/j.jada.2011.09.030 |pmid= 22027062 }}
17. ^{{cite web |author= Richard |date= December 9, 2013 |title= Gluten summit recap |url= http://sanjosefuncmed.com/gluten-summit-recap/ |website= sanjosefuncmed.com |publisher= San Jose Functional Medicine |accessdate= November 10, 2014}}
18. ^{{cite web |title= Could an undetected gluten sensitivity be contributing to your symptoms? |url= http://www.atlantafunctionalmedicine.com/2014/07/18/could-an-undetected-gluten-sensitivity-be-contributing-to-your-symptoms/ |date= July 18, 2014 |website= www.atlantafunctionalmedicine.com |publisher= Atlanta Functional Medicine |accessdate= November 10, 2014}}
19. ^{{cite journal |last1= Taylor |first1= LE |last2= Swerdfeger |first2= AL |last3= Eslick |first3= GD |title= Vaccines are not associated with autism: An evidence-based meta-analysis of case-control and cohort studies |journal= Vaccine |volume= 32 |issue =29 |pages= 3623–9 |date= June 2014 |pmid= 24814559 |doi= 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085}}
20. ^{{cite web |year= 2013 |publisher= Institute for Functional Medicine |title= Unlocking the connection between intestinal permeability and autoimmune disease |url= https://www.functionalmedicine.org/content-uploads/Content_Articles_For_Conferences/GI_Fasano_Excerpt.pdf |accessdate= November 10, 2014}}
21. ^{{cite web |last= Grisanti |first= Ronald |date= n.d. |title= Leaky gut: Can this be destroying your life? |url= http://www.functionalmedicineuniversity.com/public/Leaky-Gut.cfm |work= Functional Medicine University |publisher= Sequoia Education Systems |accessdate= November 10, 2014}}
22. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.nhs.uk/conditions/leaky-gut-syndrome/ |title= Leaky gut syndrome |date= April 9, 2013 |publisher= NHS Choices |accessdate= November 10, 2014}}
23. ^{{cite web |title= Our Mission |date= December 2014 |url= https://www.functionalmedicine.org/AboutFM/Mission/}}
24. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Leyton E |title=Functional medicine |journal=Can Fam Physician |volume=52 |issue=12 |pages=1540 |year=2006 |pmid=17279230 |pmc=1783750 |doi= |url=}}
25. ^{{cite web |title= Founders |url= https://www.functionalmedicine.org/AboutFM/History/Founders |date= n.d. |website= www.functionalmedicine.org |publisher= Institute for Functional Medicine |accessdate= November 10, 2014}}
26. ^1 2 {{cite web |title= Some Notes on Jeffrey Bland and Metagenics |accessdate= June 16, 2014 |date= September 11, 2013 |url= http://www.quackwatch.org/04ConsumerEducation/bland.html |last= Barrett |first= Stephen |authorlink= Stephen Barrett |work= Quackwatch}}

Further reading

  • {{cite web |last= Gorski |first= David |authorlink= David Gorski |date= 14 April 2014 |title= Bill and Hillary Clinton go woo with Dr. Mark Hyman and 'functional medicine' |url= http://www.sciencebasedmedicine.org/bill-and-hillary-clinton-go-woo-with-mark-hyman-and-functional-medicine/ |work= Science-Based Medicine}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Functional Medicine}}

3 : Pseudoscience|Alternative medicine|Health fraud
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