词条 | Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad |
释义 |
|name=Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad (Congregation of Monotheism and Jihad) |war=the Iraq War |image= |caption=A flag that was in use by Jama'at al-Tawhid wal Jihad in late 2004 |active=1999[1]–17 October 2004[2] |leaders=Abu Musab al-Zarqawi |clans= |headquarters=Fallujah |area=Iraq, limited in Egypt and Jordan |strength= |partof= |previous= |next= Al-Qaeda in Iraq |allies=Ansar al-Islam{{Citation needed|date= February 2015}} |opponents=Multinational force in Iraq, Iraq (Iraqi security forces, Kurdish and Shia militias), Jordan, United Nations |battles=Iraqi insurgency }}Jama'at al-Tawhid wal-Jihad ({{lang-en|Organization of Monotheism and Jihad}}), which may be abbreviated as JTJ or Jama'at, was a militant Jihadist[1] group. It was founded in Jordan in 1999 and was led by Jordanian national Abu Musab al-Zarqawi for the entirety of its existence. During the Iraqi insurgency (2003–11), the group became a decentralized network with foreign fighters[4] and a considerable Iraqi membership.[5] On 17 October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, and the group became known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq[2][7][8][9] or Tanzim). After several mergers with other groups, it changed its name several times until it called itself Islamic State of Iraq (ISI) in 2006. Origins{{History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant}}Abu Musab al-Zarqawi was a Jordanian Jihadist who traveled to Afghanistan to fight in the Soviet–Afghan War, but arrived after the departure of the Soviet troops and soon returned to his homeland. He eventually returned to Afghanistan, where he ran an Islamic militant training camp near Herat. A report released by the Washington Institute for Near East Policy in mid-2014 describes al-Zarqawi, with Jordanian and other Sunni Jihadist militants, as starting JTJ in 1999 in Afghanistan with its training camp in Herat, and with "a small amount of seed money" from bin Laden "which continued until 9/11".[1] Ideology and motivationAl-Zarqawi's interpretation of Islamic takfir—accusing other Muslims of heresy and thereby justifying his killing—was extreme, which caused friction between him and bin Laden.[1] On his first meeting with bin Laden in 1999, al-Zarqawi reportedly declared: "Shiites should be executed".[2] Al-Zarqawi's political motives included what he considered the British Mandate for Palestine as a "gift to the Jews so they can rape the land and humiliate our people",[13] the United Nation's support for American "oppressors of Iraq",[13] and the "humiliation [of] our [Muslim] nation".[15] HistoryIn Jordan (1999–2001)Al-Zarqawi started JTJ with the intention of overthrowing the 'apostate' Kingdom of Jordan,[1] which he considered to be un-Islamic. After toppling Jordan's monarchy, presumably he would turn to the rest of the Levant.[1] For these purposes he developed numerous contacts and affiliates in several countries. His network may have been involved in the late 1999 plot to bomb the Millennium celebrations in the United States and Jordan.[3] In Jordan and Iraq (2001–2002)Following the 2001 US-led invasion of Afghanistan, al-Zarqawi moved to Iraq, where he reportedly received medical treatment in Baghdad for an injured leg. Al-Zarqawi was in Baghdad from May until late November 2002, when he traveled to Iran and northeastern Iraq.[19] The United States 2006 Senate Report on Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq concluded: "Postwar information indicates that Saddam Hussein attempted, unsuccessfully, to locate and capture al-Zarqawi and that the regime did not have a relationship with, harbor, or turn a blind eye toward al-Zarqawi."[4] Al-Zarqawi and his operatives are held responsible by the United States for the assassination of US diplomat Laurence Foley in Jordan in October 2002.[5] Involvement in the Iraq War (2003–2004)Following the US invasion of Iraq and the ensuing insurgency, Jama'at became a decentralized militant network fighting against the coalition forces and their Iraqi allies. Jama'at included a growing number of foreign fighters[6][23] and a considerable Iraqi membership, including remnants of Ansar al-Islam.[7][23] Many foreign fighters arriving in Iraq were not initially associated with Jama'at, but once they were in the country they became dependent on al-Zarqawi's local contacts.[8] Jama'at's tactics included suicide bombings, often using car bombs, kidnappings, the planting of improvised explosive devices, attacks using rocket-propelled grenades, small arms and mortars, and beheading Iraqi and foreign hostages and distributing video recordings of these acts on the Internet. The group targeted Iraqi security forces and those assisting the occupation, Iraqi interim officials, Iraqi Shia and Kurdish political and religious figures and institutions, Shia civilians, foreign civilian contractors, United Nations and humanitarian workers, and also Sunni Muslim civilians.[1][8] Pledge of allegiance to al-QaedaOn 17 October 2004, al-Zarqawi pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network, and the group became known as Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn (commonly known as al-Qaeda in Iraq).[9][7][10][11] Al-Zarqawi died in a US targeted airstrike in June 2006. Activities{{see also|Iraq#2003–2007}}AttacksAfter U.S.-led invasion of Iraq and the establishment of a governing Provisional Authority, an insurgency quickly emerged. Dozens of insurgent attacks were claimed by, or attributed to, JTJ in the following months:
Inciting sectarian violenceAlleged sectarian attacks by the organization included the Imam Ali Mosque bombing in 2003 and the 2004 Day of Ashura bombings (Ashoura massacre) and Karbala and Najaf bombings in 2004. These were precursors to a more widespread campaign of sectarian violence after the organization transitioned to become al-Qaida in Iraq,[25][26] with Al-Zarqawi purportedly declaring an all-out war on Shias,[27][28] while claiming responsibility for the Shia mosque bombings.[29] Beheading/killing non-Iraqi hostages
The Turk Aytullah Gezmen was also abducted by Jama'at, but released after "repenting."{{citation needed|date=September 2014}} U.S. fighting Jama'atIn September 2004, the U.S. conducted many airstrikes targeting Al-Zarqawi, calling the hunt for Al-Zarqawi its "highest priority".[34] LegacyThe group pledged allegiance to Osama bin Laden's al-Qaeda network in a letter in October 2004 and changed its name to Tanzim Qaidat al-Jihad fi Bilad al-Rafidayn.[9][35][10] That same month, the group, now popularly referred to as al-Qaeda in Iraq (AQI), kidnapped and killed Japanese citizen Shosei Koda. In November, al-Zarqawi's network was the main target of the US Operation Phantom Fury in Fallujah, but its leadership managed to escape the American siege and subsequent storming of the city. The Lebanese-Palestinian militant group Fatah al-Islam, which was defeated by Lebanese government forces during the 2007 Lebanon conflict, was linked to AQI and led by al-Zarqawi's former companion who had fought alongside him in Iraq.[36] The group may have been linked to the little-known group called "Tawhid and Jihad in Syria",[37] and may have influenced the Palestinian resistance group in Gaza called Tawhid and Jihad Brigades.[38] See also
References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/uploads/Documents/pubs/ResearchNote_20_Zelin.pdf|publisher=Washington Institute for Near East Policy|date=June 2014|title=The War between ISIS and al-Qaeda for Supremacy of the Global Jihadist Movement|accessdate=14 February 2015}} (pages 1-2) 2. ^[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2006/07/the-short-violent-life-of-abu-musab-al-zarqawi/304983/?single_page=true Mary Anne Weaver: "The Short, Violent Life of Abu Musab al-Zarqawi"]. The Atlantic. 1 July 2006. retrieved 2 January 2015. 3. ^{{cite news|title=Al-Zarqawi's Biography|date=June 8, 2006|work=The Washington Post|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2006/06/08/AR2006060800299_2.html?nav=rss_world/africa| first=Craig | last=Whitlock | accessdate=February 27, 2015}} 4. ^1 {{cite news|title=Senate Select Committee on Intelligence on Postwar Findings About Iraq’s WMD Programs and Links to Terrorism and How They Compare with Prewar Assessments. 109th Congress, 2nd Session. |url=http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/phaseiiaccuracy.pdf |accessdate=8 February 2015 |publisher=Senate Report on Pre-war Intelligence on Iraq |date=8 September 2006 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20150215060854/http://www.intelligence.senate.gov/phaseiiaccuracy.pdf |archivedate=February 15, 2015 }}(See III.G, Conclusions 5 and 6, p.109.) 5. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/37130.htm|author=Richard Boucher|publisher=United States Department of State|date=15 October 2004|title=Foreign Terrorist Organization: Designation of Jama'at al-Tawhid wa'al-Jihad and Aliases|accessdate=26 November 2014|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070711131613/http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/37130.htm|archivedate=11 July 2007}} 6. ^1 {{cite news|date=May 14, 2004|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2004/0514/p03s01-usfp.html|author=Peter Grier, Faye Bowers|publisher=Christian Science Monitor|title=Iraq's bin Laden? Zarqawi's rise|accessdate=2007-07-13}} 7. ^1 2 3 {{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/4268904.stm|date =August 15, 2006|publisher=BBC|title=Guide: Armed groups in Iraq|accessdate=2007-07-13}} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite journal|last1=Gambill|first1=Gary|title=Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi: A Biographical Sketch|journal=Terrorism Monitor|date=16 December 2004|volume=2|issue=24|page=The Jamestown Foundation|url=http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&&issue_id=3179|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930185929/http://www.jamestown.org/publications_details.php?volume_id=400&&issue_id=3179|archivedate=30 September 2007|accessdate=30 July 2014}} 9. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.jamestown.org/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=27305#.VBeNlOk9Jy0|title=Zarqawi's pledge of allegiance to al-Qaeda: From Mu'Asker Al-Battar, Issue 21|author=Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi, translated by Jeffrey Pool|date=18 October 2004|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|accessdate=16 September 2014}} 10. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/6268680/#.VvkwFnlf0dU |agency=Associated Press|publisher=NBC News|title=Al-Zarqawi group vows allegiance to bin Laden|date=October 18, 2004|accessdate=2007-07-13}} 11. ^1 {{cite web|title=Unraveling Zarqawi's al-Qaeda connection|author=Gordon Corera|url=http://www.jamestown.org/programs/tm/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=332&tx_ttnews%5BbackPid%5D=179&no_cache=1#.VBeNtek9Jy0|publisher=Jamestown Foundation|date=16 December 2004|accessdate=16 September 2014}} 12. ^1 2 [https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/pages/frontline/insurgency/etc/script.html 'The Insurgency']. 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2005|url=http://www.newsday.com/news/nationworld/world/ny-wozarq0208,0,4101449.story?coll=ny-worldnews-toputility|publisher=Newsday|accessdate=2007-07-13}} 16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.washingtoninstitute.org/templateC05.php?CID=2400|title=Zarqawi's 'Total War' on Iraqi Shiites Exposes a Divide among Sunni Jihadists|author=Emily Hunt|date=November 15, 2005|accessdate=28 February 2015}} 17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/05/18/opinion/main618114.shtml|title=Who Is Abu Zarqawi?|date=May 18, 2004|publisher=CBS News|accessdate=2007-07-13}} 18. ^1 {{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3727597.stm |title=Al-Qaeda group claims Salim death |publisher=BBC News |date=19 May 2004|accessdate=31 December 2014}} 19. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 {{cite news|url=http://www.foxnews.com/story/0,2933,198661,00.html|title=Fast facts about Abu Musab al-Zarqawi|date=June 8, 2006|publisher=Fox News|accessdate=2007-07-13}} 20. ^{{cite 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|publisher=The Knowledge Base |accessdate=July 13, 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070827174758/http://www.tkb.org/MorePatterns.jsp?countryCd=IZ&year=2004 |archivedate=August 27, 2007 }} 24. ^{{cite news|last=Aloul|first=Sahar|title=Zarqawi handed second death penalty in Jordan|url=http://beta.inquirer.net/common/print.php?index=1&story_id=60417&site_id=38|publisher=The Inquirer|date=19 December 2005|agency=Agence France-Presse|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071029032906/http://beta.inquirer.net/common/print.php?index=1&story_id=60417&site_id=38|archivedate=29 October 2007}} 25. ^{{cite news|last=Atwan|first=Abdel Bari|title=Al Qaeda's hand in tipping Iraq toward civil war|url=http://www.csmonitor.com/2006/0320/p09s01-coop.html|work=The Christian Science Monitor|date=20 March 2006}} 26. ^{{cite news|title=Al Qaeda leader in Iraq 'killed by 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2008|newspaper=The New York Times|date=17 September 2005}} 30. ^{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/middle_east/3712421.stm |title=World | Middle East | 'Zarqawi' beheaded US man in Iraq|publisher=BBC News|date=May 13, 2004|accessdate=9 February 2015}} 31. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-08/03/content_357131.htm|title=Turkish hostage shot to death in Iraq|date=August 3, 2004|publisher=China Daily|accessdate=2007-07-13}} 32. ^‘Video: American Hostage Eugene Armstrong Beheaded’. 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Retrieved on 25 October 2015. 34. ^{{cite web|author=Brian Ross |url=http://www.abcnews.go.com/WNT/Investigation/story?id=131414 |title=Tracking Abu Musab Al-Zarqawi |publisher=ABC News |date=September 24, 2004 |accessdate=27 November 2014}} 35. ^1 2 {{cite news|title=Zarqawi pledges allegiance to Osama|url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/18/top7.htm |date=18 October 2004 |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20071229020549/http://www.dawn.com/2004/10/18/top7.htm|archivedate=29 December 2007|agency=Agence France-Presse|work=Dawn|accessdate=13 July 2007}} 36. ^{{cite news|title=Fatah Islam: Obscure group emerges as Lebanon's newest security threat|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/20/africa/ME-GEN-Lebanon-Violence-Militants.php|work=International Herald Tribune|date=20 May 2007|agency=Associated Press|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070525035308/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/20/africa/ME-GEN-Lebanon-Violence-Militants.php|archivedate=25 May 2007}} 37. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/28/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Al-Qaida.php |title=Al-Qaida inspired militant group calls on Syrians to kill country's president |agency=Associated Press |work=International Herald Tribune |date=28 May 2007 |accessdate=6 August 2007 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070601162448/http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/05/28/africa/ME-GEN-Syria-Al-Qaida.php |archivedate= 1 June 2007 |df= }} 38. ^{{cite news|url=http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-world.asp?parentid=67903|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100715015944/http://asiamedia.ucla.edu/article-world.asp?parentid=67903|archivedate=15 July 2010|title=Palestine: Reporter is dead, claims terror group|work=The Straits Times|date=17 April 2007|accessdate=6 August 2014}} External links
14 : Al-Qaeda activities in Iraq|Al-Qaeda in Iraq|Anti-Shi'ism|Defunct Islamic organizations|Defunct organizations designated as terrorist|Factions in the Iraq War|Foreign hostages in Iraq|Iraqi insurgency (2003–2011)|Jihadist groups in Iraq|Salafi groups|History of the Islamic State of Iraq and the Levant|Paramilitary organizations based in Iraq|Sunni Islamist groups|Defunct organizations designated as terrorist in Asia |
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