| 词条 | James Edward Maceo West |
| 释义 |
| name = James Edward Maceo West | image = Jim2.jpg | image_size = 200px | caption = | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1931|2|10|mf=yes}} | birth_place = Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia, United States | death_date = | death_place = | residence = United States | fields = Physics, electrical engineering | workplaces = Bell Labs Johns Hopkins University | awards = ASA Gold Medal {{small|(2006)}}, National Medal of Technology and Innovation }} James Edward Maceo West (born February 10, 1931 in Farmville, Prince Edward County, Virginia) is an African American inventor and acoustician. He holds over 250 foreign and U.S. patents for the production and design of microphones and techniques for creating polymer foil electrets. BiographyWest received a masters degree in Physics from Temple University in 1957. In 2001, West retired from Lucent Technologies after a distinguished 40-year career at Bell Laboratories where he received the organization's highest honor, being named a Bell Laboratories Fellow. West then joined the faculty of the Whiting School at Johns Hopkins University where he is currently a Professor in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering. In 2007, West received an honorary doctorate from NJIT.[1] Inventions and scientific contributionsAlong with Gerhard Sessler, West invented the foil electret microphone in 1962 while developing instruments for human hearing research.[2] Compared to the previous condenser microphones, the electret microphone has higher capacitance and does not require a DC bias.[3] West and Sessler optimized the mechanical and surface parameters of the system.[4] Nearly 90 percent of more than two billion microphones produced annually are based on the principles of the foil-electret and are used in everyday items such as telephones, camcorders, hearing aids, baby monitors, and audio recording devices among others.[5] West measured the acoustics of Philharmonic Hall in New York City.[6] Recently, West teamed with Ilene Busch-Vishniac and studied the acoustic environment of hospitals showing that hospitals are in general too loud and that the noise levels affect staff and patients.[7] Dr. West has over 250 patents to his name.[8] At age 87 in 2018, he is still an active inventor working on a device to detect pneumonia in infant lungs.[9] Supporting minorities in the sciencesIn addition to his many contributions to acoustical science, throughout his career West has been a fervent advocate for greater diversity in the fields of science and technology.[10] While at Bell Laboratories, West co-founded the Association of Black Laboratory Employees (ABLE), an organization formed to "address placement and promotional concerns of Black Bell Laboratories employees." [11] He was also instrumental in the creation and development of both the Corporate Research Fellowship Program (CRFP) for graduate students pursuing terminal degrees in the sciences, as well as the Summer Research Program, which together provided opportunities for over 500 non-white graduate students.[12] Since 2015, Dr. West has served on the Board of Directors of the Ingenuity Project, a Baltimore non-profit that supports talented middle and high school students in science and math.[13] AwardsDr. West is the recipient of the National Medal of Technology and Innovation,[14] and in 2010, along with Gerhard M. Sessler, West was the recipient of The Franklin Institute's Benjamin Franklin Medal in Electrical Engineering. He is also an inductee to the National Inventors Hall of Fame[15] and an elected member of the National Academy of Engineering.[16] He is also the recipient of numerous other honors and awards. However, West feels that his greatest accomplishments are his four children Melanie, Laurie, James and Ellington.{{Citation needed|date=November 2015}} References1. ^{{Cite web|url=http://tsf.njit.edu/2007/spring/west.php|title=A Special Dual Presentation {{!}} Technology and Society Forum|website=tsf.njit.edu|access-date=2016-10-21}} 2. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.cpnas.org/aahp/biographies/james-edward-west.html|title=James Edward West|date=2014|publisher=Cpnas.org|accessdate=2014-07-12}} 3. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sessler|first=G. M.|last2=West|first2=J. E.|date=1966-12-01|title=Foil‐Electret Microphones|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=40|issue=6|pages=1433–1440|doi=10.1121/1.1910245|issn=0001-4966|bibcode=1966ASAJ...40.1433S}} 4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Sessler|first=G. M.|last2=West|first2=J. E.|date=1965-06-01|title=Electrostatic Microphones with Foil Electret|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=37|issue=6|pages=1209–1210|doi=10.1121/1.1939579|issn=0001-4966|bibcode=1965ASAJ...37S1209S}} 5. ^{{cite web|url=http://gazette.jhu.edu/2010/05/10/james-b-west-of-wse-receives-benjamin-franklin-medal/|title=James B. West of WSE receives Benjamin Franklin Medal : Johns Hopkins University – The Gazette|date=2010-05-10|publisher=Gazette.jhu.edu|accessdate=2012-03-09}} 6. ^{{Cite journal|last=Schroeder|first=M. R.|last2=Atal|first2=B. S.|last3=Sessler|first3=G. M.|last4=West|first4=J. E.|date=1966-08-01|title=Acoustical Measurements in Philharmonic Hall (New York)|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=40|issue=2|pages=434–440|doi=10.1121/1.1910092|issn=0001-4966|bibcode=1966ASAJ...40..434S}} 7. ^{{Cite journal|last=Busch-Vishniac|first=Ilene J.|last2=West|first2=James E.|last3=Barnhill|first3=Colin|last4=Hunter|first4=Tyrone|last5=Orellana|first5=Douglas|last6=Chivukula|first6=Ram|date=2005-12-01|title=Noise levels in Johns Hopkins Hospital|journal=The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America|volume=118|issue=6|pages=3629–3645|doi=10.1121/1.2118327|issn=0001-4966|bibcode=2005ASAJ..118.3629B}} 8. ^{{cite news|last1=Britto|first1=Brittany|title=At 87, this Baltimore inventor has 250 patents to his name — and he’s still at it|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-insider-blog/bs-fe-inventor-james-west-20180418-story.html|accessdate=30 May 2018|work=The Baltimore Sun|date=2018-05-24}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=Perna|first1=Algerina|title=Inventor James E. West has more than 250 patents to his name including a device that detects a diseased lung.|url=http://www.baltimoresun.com/features/baltimore-insider-blog/96952953-132.html|website=The Baltimore Sun Video|accessdate=30 May 2018}} 10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-moss/americas-diversity-can-pr_b_469787.html |title=Ian Moss: America's Diversity Can Provide Prosperity |publisher=Huffingtonpost.com |date= 2010-04-21|accessdate=2012-03-09}} 11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.ableinc.org/include/main.php?PageID=9 |title=ABLE History -Leaders of African Descent |publisher=Ableinc.org |date= |accessdate=2012-03-09}} 12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.black-inventor.com/James-E-West.asp |title=James Edward West: Electret Microphone Inventor |publisher=www.black-inventor.com |date=2008 |accessdate=2014-07-12}} 13. ^{{cite web |title=Our Team |url=http://www.ingenuityproject.org/about-us/our-team/ |website=The Ingenuity Project |publisher=The Ingenuity Project |accessdate=28 February 2019}} 14. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.zimbio.com/pictures/hKcXRYU4ycx/Bush+Presents+National+Medals+Science+Technology/0s137GaHBjC/James+Edward+West |title=James Edward West Pictures - Bush Presents National Medals Of Science And Techno |date=2007-07-27 |accessdate=2012-03-09}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/150.html |title=Invent Now | Hall of Fame | Search | Inventor Profile |publisher=Invent.org |date=1931-02-10 |accessdate=2012-03-09 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215021322/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/150.html |archivedate=2012-02-15 |df= }} 16. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/Directory20412/30384.aspx |title=National Academy of Engineering Members Directory |publisher=Nae.edu |date=2014 |accessdate=2014-07-12}} External links
22 : 1931 births|Living people|National Medal of Technology recipients|African-American engineers|African-American inventors|African-American scientists|American scientists|Members of the United States National Academy of Engineering|Fellows of the Acoustical Society of America|People from Farmville, Virginia|Johns Hopkins University faculty|Temple University alumni|Scientists at Bell Labs|Scientists from Virginia|20th-century American engineers|20th-century American scientists|20th-century American inventors|21st-century American engineers|21st-century American scientists|21st-century American inventors|National Inventors Hall of Fame inductees|ASA Gold Medal recipients |
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