| 词条 | Gecarcinus ruricola |
| 释义 |
| image = Cuban Red Crab (Gecarcinus ruricola), Bahía de Cochinos.jpg | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | subphylum = Crustacea | classis = Malacostraca | ordo = Decapoda | infraordo = Brachyura | familia = Gecarcinidae | genus = Gecarcinus | species = G. ruricola | binomial = Gecarcinus ruricola | binomial_authority = (Linnaeus, 1758) [1] | synonyms =
| synonyms_ref = [2] }}Gecarcinus ruricola is a species of terrestrial crab. It is the most terrestrial of the Caribbean land crabs,[3] and is found from western Cuba across the Antilles as far east as Barbados. Common names for G. ruricola include the purple land crab,[1] black land crab,[3] red land crab,[4] and zombie crab.[5] DescriptionFour colour morphs exist within the species: black, red, yellow and green.[8] The carapace of G. ruricola grows in width at a rate of about {{convert|1|in}} per year, with the crabs reaching maturity after 5 years, and living for up to 10 years in total.[6] G. ruricola have a number of adaptations to terrestrial life, mostly regarding water conservation. They are nocturnal, to prevent the hot sun from drying them out. They also have a "nephritic pad", onto which urine is released, in order to be cleaned by microbes before the water is then reabsorbed.[10] DistributionG. ruricola is found across much of the Caribbean, from Cuba and the Bahamas in the west through the Antilles to Barbados in the east. It has been reported from Florida and Nicaragua, but few confirmed examples exist from the mainland; Loggerhead Key in the Dry Tortugas marks the northernmost limit of its island distribution, which extends across the Bahamas and Cuba, through the Greater Antilles and Lesser Antilles, to Barbados. Outlying populations exist on Curaçao, in the Swan Islands off Honduras, Half Moon Caye of Belize, and in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Providencia and Santa Catalina off the Colombian coast.[3]It can be found many kilometres from the sea, and at high altitudes: crabs have been observed above {{convert|300|m}} on the island of Dominica, and at over {{convert|1000|m}} on Jamaica.[3] Life cycleThe eggs of G. ruricola hatch in the sea,[6] where the larvae live as plankton. The return of the larvae to land seems to be infrequent, but when they do return, they return as megalopa larvae, in sufficient numbers to turn roads red.[7] They move at a speed of {{convert|1|-|2|m/s|mph}}, or faster if startled.[8] For the next three years, the young crabs live in burrows inhabited by other crabs and eat food brought back to the burrow by the older crab.[6] After mating, mass migrations occur with the females returning to the sea to release their fertilised eggs. An average female carries around 85,000 eggs.[7] EcologyG. ruricola is an omnivorous scavenger,[6] feeding mostly on nitrogen-poor plant matter.[7]The meat of G. ruricola is rich in protein, and has often been harvested by local people. Other predators may include birds, although information is scarce. When confronted, they rear up on and hold their open claws outwards in a defensive posture.[6] DrosophilaG. ruricola is the host organism for two species of flies in the genus Drosophila.[9] They were first observed on Montserrat by Henry Guernsey Hubbard in 1894, and presented at a scientific meeting later that year (where the crab was misidentified as Cardisoma guanhumi), but no further research was conducted until 1955, when specimens were again collected, this time from Mona Island, and named as Drosophila carcinophila by M. R. Wheeler.[10]In 1967, a second species of fly, Drosophila endobranchia was discovered on Gecarcinus ruricola, although it also inhabits the closely related species Gecarcinus lateralis. Drosohila endrobranchia is not closely related to D. carcinophila, and this trait appears therefore to have evolved convergently. (A third species of fly, Lissocephala powelli has evolved a similar habit on Christmas Island, where it lives on the land crabs Gecarcoidea lalandii, Geograpsus crinipes and Cardisoma carnifex, and the terrestrial hermit crab Birgus latro.) D. endobranchia evolved from a group of species which breed on fungi or bark, while D. carcinophila evolved from a group which breed on cacti.[9] The flies spend most of their lives on the crab, and are reluctant to leave. They do not need to flee predators, because the crabs they inhabit are fast animals and will flee:[11] The flies … hardly move at all, are extremely reluctant in leaving their host crabs and are hard pushed to take flight. Although the flies are sluggish, the crabs on which they reside are anything but. Chasing after crabs through a pitch-black jungle (growing on a razor sharp labyrinthine limestone ground), while trying to aspirate flies from their carapaces is not trivial. Obtaining large amounts of flies in this way is simply a nightmare. The eggs are laid around the crab's compound eyes, and the first instar larvae which hatch from the eggs migrate to the crab's nephritic pad, and live there, feeding on the microbes that cleanse the crab's urine. The second instar is spent in the crab's gill chamber. The third instar sees the larvae return to the mouthparts before falling to the ground to pupate.[11] LinnaeusCarl Linnaeus described the species in 1758 (the starting point for zoological nomenclature), noting the species' annual migrations from the forests to the coast (Habitat in America, sylvas vastissimis agminibus quotannis deserens littora maris petiturus: "lives in America; every year, an army marches out of the forests towards the sea").[12]PhilatelyG. ruricola appeared on two African postage stamps for the International Year of the Ocean in 1998, under the name "mountain crab". These were a Tanzanian stamp worth 500 shillingi and a Ugandan stamp worth 250 shillings.[13]References1. ^1 {{ITIS |id=99131 |taxon=Gecarcinus ruricola}} {{Edible crustaceans}}{{Gecarcinidae}}{{Taxonbar|from=Q5233916}}2. ^{{cite journal|journal=Raffles Bulletin of Zoology |year=2008 |volume=17 |pages=1–286 |title=Systema Brachyurorum: Part I. An annotated checklist of extant Brachyuran crabs of the world |author1=Peter K. L. Ng |author2=Danièle Guinot |author3=Peter J. F. Davie |url=http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |format=PDF |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110606061453/http://rmbr.nus.edu.sg/rbz/biblio/s17/s17rbz.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-06 |df= }} 3. ^1 2 3 {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=316–325 |year=2006 |title=Population biology of the black land crab, Gecarcinus ruricola, in the San Andres archipelago, Western Caribbean |author=Richard G. Hartnoll |author2=Mark S. P. Baine |author3=Yolima Grandas |author4=Jennifer James |author5=Helen Atkin |last-author-amp=yes |doi=10.1651/C-2640.1 }} 4. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/hall_tour/spectrum/a769.html |title=Red land crab Gecarcinus ruricola |work=Spectrum of Life |publisher=American Museum of Natural History |accessdate=February 5, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124062902/http://www.amnh.org/exhibitions/hall_tour/spectrum/a769.html |archivedate=November 24, 2010 |df= }} 5. ^{{cite book |author1=M. Kettunen |author2=P. Genovesi |author3=S. Gollasch |author4=S. Pagad |author5=U. Starfinger |author6=P. ten Brink |author7=C. Shine |year=2008 |title=Technical support to EU strategy on invasive species (IAS) - Assessment of the impacts of IAS in Europe and the EU (final module report for the European Commission) |publisher=Institute for European Environmental Policy |location=Brussels, Belgium |pages=44 + annexes |url=http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/invasivealien/docs/Kettunen2009_IAS_Task%201.pdf}} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite journal |url=http://www.statiapark.org/downloads/downloads/newsletter/newsletter-sept09.pdf |journal=St Eustatius: National and Marine Parks and Botanical Gardens Newsletter |year=2009 |title=Why do we see Crabs in the Quill? |pages=5}} 7. ^1 2 {{cite journal |journal=Journal of Crustacean Biology |volume=27 |issue=3 |pages=425–436 |year=2007 |title=Reproduction of the black land crab, Gecarcinus ruricola, in the San Andres Archipelago, Western Caribbean |author1=Richard G. Hartnoll |author2=Mark S. P. Baine |author3=Arne Britton |author4=Yolima Grandas |author5=Jennifer James |author6=Alejandro Velasco |author7=Michael G. Richmond |doi=10.1651/S-2772.1}} 8. ^{{cite journal |author1=Richard Hartnoll |author2=Paul F. Clark |year=2006 |title=A mass recruitment event in the land crab Gecarcinus ruricola (Linnaeus, 1758) (Brachyura: Grapsoidea: Gecarcinidae), and a description of the megalop |journal=Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society |volume=146 |issue=2 |pages=149–164 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.2006.00195.x}} 9. ^1 {{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.71.9.3517 |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=71 |issue=9 |pages=3517–3521 |year=1974 |title=Three Flies and Three Islands: Parallel Evolution in Drosophila |author=Hampton L. Carson|authorlink=Hampton L. Carson (biologist) |url=http://www.pnas.org/content/71/9/3517.abstract |pmid=4530320 |pmc=433805 |bibcode=1974PNAS...71.3517C}} 10. ^{{cite journal |title=Flies' lives on a crab |author1=Marcus C. Stensmyr |author2=Bill S. Hansson |journal=Current Biology |volume=17 |issue=17 |pages=R743–R746 |year=2007 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.015}} 11. ^1 2 {{cite journal |title=The Cayman Crab Fly Revisited — Phylogeny and Biology of Drosophila endobranchia |author=Marcus C. Stensmyr |author2=Regina Stieber |author3=Bill S. Hansson |last-author-amp=yes |journal=PLoS One |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001942 |year=2008 |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=e1942 |pmid=18398468 |pmc=2275792 |url=http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0001942 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1942S |editor1-last=Vosshall |editor1-first=Leslie B.}} 12. ^{{cite book |author=Carl Linnaeus |author-link=Carl Linnaeus |year=1758 |title=Systema Naturae |edition=10th |publisher=Laurentius Salvius |location=Stockholm, Sweden |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/542 |pages=649–658 |chapter=239. Cancer}} 13. ^{{cite journal |title=Crustaceans on postage stamps from 1870 to and including 2002: revised article for our paper in 2000 and addendum |author=Makoto Omori |author2=Lipke B. Holthuis |author2-link=Lipke Holthuis |last-author-amp=yes |journal=Journal of the Tokyo University of Marine Science and Technology |volume=1 |pages=1–39 |year=2005 |url=http://lib.s.kaiyodai.ac.jp/library/kiyou/tkh01/tkh0101.pdf}} 5 : Grapsoidea|Terrestrial crustaceans|Edible crustaceans|Crustaceans of the Atlantic Ocean|Crustaceans described in 1758 |
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