| 词条 | James Glaisher |
| 释义 |
|name = James Glaisher |image = James Glaisher.jpg |image_size = 230px |caption = James Glaisher |birth_date = {{birth-date|7 April 1809|}} |birth_place = |death_date = {{death-date and age|7 February 1903|7 April 1809}} |death_place = |residence = |citizenship = |nationality = English |ethnicity = |field = meteorology |work_institutions = |alma_mater = |doctoral_advisor = |doctoral_students = |known_for = |author_abbrev_bot = |author_abbrev_zoo = |influences = |influenced = |prizes = |religion = catholic |footnotes = |signature = }} James Glaisher FRS (7 April 1809 – 7 February 1903) was an English meteorologist, aeronaut and astronomer. LifeBorn in Rotherhithe, the son of a London watchmaker,[1] Glaisher was a Junior assistant at the Cambridge Observatory from 1833 to 1835[2] before moving to the Royal Observatory, Greenwich, where he served as Superintendent of the Department of Meteorology and Magnetism at Greenwich for thirty-four years.[3][4] In 1845, Glaisher published his dew point tables, for the measurement of humidity. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in June 1849.[5] He was a founder member of the Meteorological Society (1850) and the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (1866). He was president of the Royal Meteorological Society from 1867 to 1868.[4] Glaisher was elected a member of The Photographic Society, later the Royal Photographic Society, in 1854 and served as the Society's President for 1869–1874 and 1875–1892.[6] He remained a member until his death. He is most famous, however, as a pioneering balloonist. Between 1862 and 1866, usually with Henry Tracey Coxwell as his co-pilot, Glaisher made numerous ascents to measure the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere at its highest levels. His ascent on 5 September 1862 broke the world record for altitude, but he passed out around 8,800 metres before a reading could be taken. One of the pigeons making the trip with him died.[7] Estimates suggest that he rose to more than 9,500 metres and as much as 10,900 metres above sea-level.[8][9][10] Glaisher lived at 22 Dartmouth Hill, Blackheath, London, where there is a blue plaque in his memory. He died in Croydon, Surrey in 1903, aged 93. FamilyIn 1843 he married Cecilia Louisa Belville, a daughter of Henry Belville, Assistant at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich. James and Cecilia Glaisher had two sons, Ernest Glaisher and the mathematician James Whitbread Lee Glaisher (1848–1928), and one daughter Cecilia Appelina (1845–1932). RecognitionA lunar crater is named after him. The name was approved by the IAU in 1935.[11] Notes1. ^H. P. Hollis, ‘Glaisher, James (1809–1903)’, rev. J. Tucker, Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, 2004; online edn, Oct 2008. Retrieved 5 January 2009 2. ^Stratton, F.J.M. "The History of the Cambridge Observatories", Annals of the Solar Physics Observatory, Cambridge Vol. I (1949) 3. ^{{cite journal | last = Chapman | first = Allan | author-link = Allan Chapman (historian) | title = Airy's Greenwich Staff | journal = The Antiquarian Astronomer | volume = 6 | pages = 4–18 | publisher = Society for the History of Astronomy | date = 2012 | bibcode = 2012AntAs...6....4C | url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/2012AntAs...6....4C | accessdate = 6 November 2015}} 4. ^1 {{cite journal | last = Hunt | first = John L. | title = James Glaisher FRS (1809–1903), Astronomer, Meteorologist and Pioneer of Weather Forecasting: `A Venturesome Victorian' | journal = Quarterly Journal of the Royal Astronomical Society | volume = 37 | number = 3 | pages = 315–347 | publisher = Royal Astronomical Society | date = 1996 | bibcode = 1996QJRAS..37..315H | url = http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1996QJRAS..37..315H | accessdate = 12 June 2016}} 5. ^{{ cite web | url= http://www2.royalsociety.org/DServe/dserve.exe?dsqIni=Dserve.ini&dsqApp=Archive&dsqCmd=Show.tcl&dsqDb=Persons&dsqPos=0&dsqSearch=%28Surname%3D%27glaisher%27%29 | title= Library and Archive Catalogue | publisher= Royal Society | accessdate= 29 December 2010 }}{{dead link|date=November 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} 6. ^Presidents 1853–2013. www.rps.org and http://rpsmembers.dmu.ac.uk/rps_results.php?mid=130. Retrieved 6 March 2015. 7. ^{{cite book|title=Appletons' annual cyclopaedia and register of important events of the year: 1862|year=1863|publisher=D. Appleton & Company|location=New York|page=186|url=https://archive.org/stream/1862appletonsan02newyuoft#page/n192/mode/1up}} 8. ^Centennial of Flight {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110208162351/http://www.centennialofflight.gov/essay/Lighter_than_air/early_scientific_balloons/LTA7.htm |date=8 February 2011 }} 9. ^1902 Encyclopedia 10. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.historywebsite.co.uk/articles/BalloonFlight/Flight.htm |title=A Great Victorian Adventure |author=Bev Parker}} 11. ^Glaisher crater, Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature, International Astronomical Union (IAU) Working Group for Planetary System Nomenclature (WGPSN). Retrieved June 2015 Jennifer Tucker. "Voyages of Discovery on Oceans of Air: Scientific Observation and the Image of Science in an Age of "Balloonacy"" Osiris, 2nd series, Volume 11, "Science in the Field" (1996):144–176. References
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13 : 1809 births|1903 deaths|English aerospace engineers|English balloonists|English meteorologists|English science writers|Fellows of the Royal Society|Presidents of the Royal Meteorological Society|English male non-fiction writers|Flight altitude record holders|Balloon flight record holders|British aviation record holders|Glaisher family |
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