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词条 Gemmula
释义

  1. Habitat and feeding habits

  2. Taxonomy

  3. Description

  4. Species

  5. References

{{Italic title}}{{Taxobox
| name = Gemmula
| image = Gemmula gemmulina 001.jpg
| image_caption = shells of Gemmula gemmulina
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|66.043|0|Paleocene - Recent}}
| regnum = Animalia
| phylum = Mollusca
| classis = Gastropoda
| unranked_superfamilia = clade Caenogastropoda
clade Hypsogastropoda
clade Neogastropoda
| superfamilia = Conoidea
| familia = Turridae
| subfamilia = Turrinae
| genus = Gemmula
| genus_authority = Weinkauff, 1875[1]
| synonyms_ref = [2]
| synonyms = Eugemmula Iredale, 1931
}}Gemmula, common name the gem turrids, is a genus of sea snails, marine gastropod mollusks in the family Turridae, the turrids.[2]

These snails have been recorded as fossils from the Paleocene to the Quaternary (from 66.043 to 0.012 Ma). Fossils have been found all over the world.[3]

They are venomous with disulfide-rich polypeptides in their venom ducts.[4]

These bioactive peptides are likely to become a resource for novel pharmacologically active compounds [5]

Habitat and feeding habits

The snails in this genus occur mostly in deeper tropical waters at depths between 50 and 500m. Because of these deep habitats, little is known about their feeding habits.

Taxonomy

The Gemmula clade is more closely related to the clades Xenuroturris, Turris and Lophiotoma than to the other clades in the subfamily Turrinae.

Description

As expected from venomous species, these species have a toxoglosson radula (formula 1 + 0 +1 + 0 + 1) with a central tooth that characterizes this genus.[6]

Species

The genus Gemmula is the largest genus in the subfamily Turrinae. Species within the genus Gemmula include:

{{div col|colwidth=22em}}
  • Gemmula aethiopica (Thiele, 1925)[7]
  • Gemmula alwyni Kilburn, 2005[8]
  • Gemmula amabilis [9]
  • Gemmula ambara Olivera et al., 2008[10]
  • Gemmula bisinuata (Martens, 1901)[11]
  • Gemmula championi Kilburn, 1983[12]
  • Gemmula closterion Sysoev, 1997[13]
  • Gemmula concinna (Dunker, 1871)[14]
  • Gemmula congener (Smith E. A., 1894)[15]
  • Gemmula cosmoi (Sykes, 1930)[16]
  • Gemmula damperierana Powell, 1964[17]
  • Gemmula diomedea Powell, 1964[18]
  • Gemmula ducalis (Thiele, 1925)[19]
  • Gemmula fenestrata Kosuge, 1990[20]
  • Gemmula flata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008[21]
  • Gemmula gemmulina (Martens, 1902)[22]
  • Gemmula gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902)[23]
  • Gemmula graeffei (Weinkauff, 1875)[24]
  • Gemmula grandigyrata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008[25]
  • Gemmula granosus (Helbling, 1779)[26]
  • Gemmula hastula (Reeve, 1843)[27]
  • Gemmula hawleyi (Iredale, 1931)[28]
  • Gemmula hindsiana Berry, 1958[29]
  • Gemmula husamaru (Nomura, 1940)[30]
  • Gemmula interpolata Powell, 1967[31]
  • Gemmula kieneri (Doumet, 1840)[32]
  • Gemmula lisajoni Olivera, 1999[33]
  • Gemmula lordhoweensis Kantor & Sysoev, 1991[34]
  • Gemmula lululimi Olivera, 1999[35]
  • Gemmula luzonica (Powell, 1964)[36]
  • Gemmula microscelida (Dall, 1895)[37]
  • Gemmula monilifera (Pease, 1860)[38]
  • Gemmula murrayi Powell, 1964[39]
  • Gemmula mystica Simone, 2005[40]
  • Gemmula periscelida (Dall, 1889)[41]
  • Gemmula praesignis (Smith E. A., 1895)[42]
  • Gemmula pseudogranosa (Nomura, 1940)[43]
  • Gemmula pseudomonilifera Powell, 1967[44]
  • Gemmula rarimaculata Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971[45]
  • Gemmula rosario Shikama, 1977[46]
  • Gemmula rotatilis (Martens, 1902)[47]
  • Gemmula sibogae (Schepman, 1913)[48]
  • Gemmula sibukoensis Powell, 1964[49]
  • Gemmula sikatunai Olivera, 2004[50]
  • Gemmula sogodensis Olivera, 2004[51]
  • Gemmula speciosa (Reeve, 1842)[52]
  • Gemmula stupa Lee, 2001[53]
  • Gemmula subfenestrata Kosuge, 1990[54]
  • Gemmula teschi (Powell, 1964)[55]
  • Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967[56]
  • Gemmula thielei Finlay H. J., 1930[57]
  • Gemmula truncata (Schepman, 1913)[58]
  • Gemmula unedo (Kiener, 1840)[59]
  • Gemmula vagata (Smith E. A., 1895)[60]
  • Gemmula webberae Kilburn, 1975[61]
  • Gemmula westaustralis Kosuge, 1990[62]
{{div col end}}

References

1. ^Weinkauff (1875). Jahrb. dtsch. malak. Ges. 2: 285.
2. ^1 {{WRMS species|204110|Gemmula Weinkauff, 1875||3 October 2010}}
3. ^Paleobiology Database
4. ^{{cite journal|doi=10.1016/j.toxicon.2007.12.022|last=Heralde III|first=Francisco M. |author2=Julita Imperial |author3=Pradip K. Bandyopadhyay |author4=Baldomero M. Olivera |author5=Gisela P. Concepcion |author6=Ameurfina D. Santo|title=A rapidly diverging superfamily of peptide toxins in venomous Gemmula species|journal=Toxicon|date=April 2008|volume=51|issue=5|pages=890–897|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCS-4RFSCSF-1&_user=10&_coverDate=04%2F30%2F2008&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1439271441&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d51434e3ff42442ea9436a1b65880f62|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120917165407/http://www.sciencedirect.com/science?_ob=ArticleURL&_udi=B6TCS-4RFSCSF-1&_user=10&_coverDate=04/30/2008&_rdoc=1&_fmt=high&_orig=search&_sort=d&_docanchor=&view=c&_searchStrId=1439271441&_rerunOrigin=scholar.google&_acct=C000050221&_version=1&_urlVersion=0&_userid=10&md5=d51434e3ff42442ea9436a1b65880f62|dead-url=yes|archive-date=2012-09-17|accessdate=2010-08-23|pmid=18272193|pmc=2582027}}
5. ^Baldomero M. Olivera, David R. Hillyard and Maren Watkins, A new species of Gemmula, Weinkauff 1875; Evidence of two clades of Philippine species in the genus Gemmula, Philippine Science letters, vol. 1 (1)
6. ^Francisco M. Heralde III et al., The Indo-Pacific Gemmula species in the subfamily Turrinae: Aspects of field distribution, molecular phylogeny, radular anatomy and feeding ecology, Philippine Science Letters, vol. 3 (1), 2010
7. ^{{WRMS species|433835|Gemmula aethiopica (Thiele, 1925)||14 April 2010}}
8. ^{{WRMS species|389725|Gemmula alwyni Kilburn, 2005||14 April 2010}}
9. ^{{WRMS species|217101|Gemmula amabilis ||14 April 2010}}
10. ^{{WRMS species|433836|Gemmula ambara Olivera et al., 2008||14 April 2010}}
11. ^{{WRMS species|433837|Gemmula bisinuata (Martens, 1901)||14 April 2010}}
12. ^{{WRMS species|433838|Gemmula championi Kilburn, 1983||14 April 2010}}
13. ^{{WRMS species|433839|Gemmula closterion Sysoev, 1997||14 April 2010}}
14. ^{{WRMS species|433840|Gemmula concinna (Dunker, 1871)||14 April 2010}}
15. ^{{WRMS species|433841|Gemmula congener (Smith E. A., 1894)||14 April 2010}}
16. ^{{WRMS species|433842|Gemmula cosmoi (Sykes, 1930)||14 April 2010}}
17. ^{{WRMS species|433843|Gemmula damperierana Powell, 1964||14 April 2010}}
18. ^{{WRMS species|435269|Gemmula diomedea Powell, 1964||14 April 2010}}
19. ^{{WRMS species|433844|Gemmula ducalis (Thiele, 1925)||14 April 2010}}
20. ^{{WRMS species|433845|Gemmula fenestrata Kosuge, 1990||14 April 2010}}
21. ^{{WRMS species|456829|Gemmula flata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008||14 April 2010}}
22. ^{{WRMS species|433846|Gemmula gemmulina (Martens, 1902)||14 April 2010}}
23. ^{{WRMS species|433847|Gemmula gilchristi (Sowerby III, 1902)||14 April 2010}}
24. ^{{WRMS species|433848|Gemmula graeffei (Weinkauff, 1875)||14 April 2010}}
25. ^{{WRMS species|456830|Gemmula grandigyrata Baoquan Li & Xinzheng Li, 2008||14 April 2010}}
26. ^{{WRMS species|433849|Gemmula granosus (Helbling, 1779)||14 April 2010}}
27. ^{{WRMS species|432706|Gemmula hastula (Reeve, 1843)||14 April 2010}}
28. ^{{WRMS species|433850|Gemmula hawleyi (Iredale, 1931)||14 April 2010}}
29. ^{{WRMS species|433851|Gemmula hindsiana Berry, 1958||14 April 2010}}
30. ^{{WRMS species|433852|Gemmula husamaru (Nomura, 1940)||14 April 2010}}
31. ^{{WRMS species|433853|Gemmula interpolata Powell, 1967||14 April 2010}}
32. ^{{WRMS species|433854|Gemmula kieneri (Doumet, 1840)||14 April 2010}}
33. ^{{WRMS species|433855|Gemmula lisajoni Olivera, 1999||14 April 2010}}
34. ^{{WRMS species|432703|Gemmula lordhoweensis Kantor & Sysoev, 1991||14 April 2010}}
35. ^{{WRMS species|433856|Gemmula lululimi Olivera, 1999||14 April 2010}}
36. ^{{WRMS species|432702|Gemmula luzonica (Powell, 1964)||14 April 2010}}
37. ^{{WRMS species|433857|Gemmula microscelida (Dall, 1895)||14 April 2010}}
38. ^{{WRMS species|433858|Gemmula monilifera (Pease, 1860)||14 April 2010}}
39. ^{{WRMS species|433859|Gemmula murrayi Powell, 1964||14 April 2010}}
40. ^{{WRMS species|389708|Gemmula mystica Simone, 2005||14 April 2010}}
41. ^{{WRMS species|420395|Gemmula periscelida (Dall, 1889)||14 April 2010}}
42. ^{{WRMS species|433860|Gemmula praesignis (Smith E. A., 1895)||14 April 2010}}
43. ^{{WRMS species|433861|Gemmula pseudogranosa (Nomura, 1940)||14 April 2010}}
44. ^{{WRMS species|433862|Gemmula pseudomonilifera Powell, 1967||14 April 2010}}
45. ^{{WRMS species|433863|Gemmula rarimaculata Kuroda, Habe & Oyama, 1971||14 April 2010}}
46. ^{{WRMS species|217100|Gemmula rosario Shikama, 1977||14 April 2010}}
47. ^{{WRMS species|433864|Gemmula rotatilis (Martens, 1902)||14 April 2010}}
48. ^{{WRMS species|433865|Gemmula sibogae (Schepman, 1913)||14 April 2010}}
49. ^{{WRMS species|433866|Gemmula sibukoensis Powell, 1964||14 April 2010}}
50. ^{{WRMS species|433867|Gemmula sikatunai Olivera, 2004||14 April 2010}}
51. ^{{WRMS species|433868|Gemmula sogodensis Olivera, 2004||14 April 2010}}
52. ^{{WRMS species|433869|Gemmula speciosa (Reeve, 1842)||14 April 2010}}
53. ^{{WRMS species|432704|Gemmula stupa Lee, 2001||14 April 2010}}
54. ^{{WRMS species|433870|Gemmula subfenestrata Kosuge, 1990||14 April 2010}}
55. ^{{WRMS species|435256|Gemmula teschi (Powell, 1964)||14 April 2010}}
56. ^{{WRMS species|433871|Gemmula tessellata Powell, 1967||14 April 2010}}
57. ^{{WRMS species|217102|Gemmula thielei Finlay H. J., 1930||14 April 2010}}
58. ^{{WRMS species|432705|Gemmula truncata (Schepman, 1913)||14 April 2010}}
59. ^{{WRMS species|432707|Gemmula unedo (Kiener, 1840)||14 April 2010}}
60. ^{{WRMS species|433872|Gemmula vagata (Smith E. A., 1895)||14 April 2010}}
61. ^{{WRMS species|435270|Gemmula webberae Kilburn, 1975||14 April 2010}}
62. ^{{WRMS species|433873|Gemmula westaustralis Kosuge, 1990||14 April 2010}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q3142815}}

2 : Turridae|Extant Paleocene first appearances
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