| 词条 | Genderless language |
| 释义 |
A genderless language is a natural or constructed language that has no distinctions of grammatical gender—that is, no categories requiring morphological agreement between nouns and associated pronouns, adjectives, articles, or verbs.[1] The notion of a "genderless language" is distinct from that of gender-neutral language, which is neutral with regard to natural gender. A discourse in a genderless language need not be gender-neutral[1] (although genderless languages exclude many possibilities for reinforcement of gender-related stereotypes); conversely, a gender-neutral discourse need not take place in a genderless language.{{citation needed|date=February 2019}} Genderless languages do have various means to recognize natural gender, such as gender-specific words (mother, son, etc., and distinct pronouns such as he and she in some cases), as well as gender-specific context, both biological and cultural.[1] Genderless languages are listed at List of languages by type of grammatical genders. Genderless languages include the Indo-European languages Armenian, Bengali, Persian and Central Kurdish (Sorani Dialect), all the Uralic languages (such as Hungarian, Finnish and Estonian), all the modern Turkic languages (such as Turkish), Chinese, Japanese, Korean, and all the Austronesian languages (such as the Polynesian languages),. Language contactMorphological viewFrom the morphological point of view, grammatical gender may arise because of language contact. These were called "universal simplifications" in the reduction of sex system.{{Incomprehensible inline|date=February 2017}}[2]{{Verify source|date=February 2017}} Surveys about gender systems around the world from 256 languages show that 112 (44%) are grammatical gender and 144 languages (56%) are genderless languages.[3] Since these two types of languages in many cases are geographically close to each other, there is a significant chance that one influences the other. For example, the Basque language is considered a genderless language, but it has been influenced by the Spanish feminine-masculine two-gender system. Although it should be noted, there are 6909 recognized languages in the world, thus a sample of 256 languages constitutes roughly 3.7% of all spoken languages. Thus, although this particular survey indicates a high proportion of gender neutrality, it does not take into account the other 96.3% of languages. Loaned from other languagesGender has been associated with words but not with ideas. Scholars are trying to study the development of gender in nouns that have been borrowed from other languages. One example of this innovation is the gender assignment of the genderless English nouns that were borrowed into the Italian spoken by immigrants to America. The phonological form of the loaned word sometimes determines its sex. For example, Italians who immigrated to America do not identify the word freezer, but instead heard "freezə." This sound is similar to schwa /a/, so the word becomes "frisa." Consequently, the new word ends in /a/ which is feminine. The same happens with the words water (la vuora), the sweater (la suera), and the quarter (la quora). This process happens also in American-German and American-French. In English words ending in -ing, it sounds like French -ine and in German -ung which are feminine suffixes. In this case, the genderless nouns do not generate one gender or another. In the American-Italian language, masculine gender is the default gender. This default automatically happens in Spanish, Portuguese, French, Norwegian, and Old English.[4] Specific languagesWhile English, unlike Old English, is gender-free grammatically, it does have natural gender, which is a semantic concept. The distinctions of natural gender still remain in pronouns and possessive adjectives: he, him, his; she, her, hers. Persian (Farsi), another Indo-European language, altogether lacks either grammatical or natural gender. See also
References1. ^1 2 Yasir Suleiman (ed.) (1999) "Language and Society in the Middle East and North Africa", {{ISBN|0-7007-1078-7}}, Chapter 10: "Gender in a genderless language: The case of Turkish", by Friederike Braun 2. ^{{cite book|last1=Kuteva|first1=Bernd Heine ; Tania|title=Language contact and grammatical change|date=2006|publisher=Cambridge Univ. Press|location=Cambridge [u.a.]|isbn=978-0521608282|edition=Reprinted.}} 3. ^{{cite book|last1=(eds.)|first1=Martine Vanhove ...|title=Morphologies in Contact.|date=2012|publisher=Akademie Verlag Berlin|location=Berlin|isbn=978-3050057019|page=97}} 4. ^{{cite journal|last1=Rabeno|first1=Angela|last2=Repetti|first2=Lori|title=Gender Assignment of English Loan Words in American Varieties of Italian|journal=American Speech|date=undefined NaN|volume=72|issue=4|pages=373|doi=10.2307/455494}} 3 : Languages|Gender-neutral language|Grammatical gender |
| 随便看 |
|
开放百科全书收录14589846条英语、德语、日语等多语种百科知识，基本涵盖了大多数领域的百科知识，是一部内容自由、开放的电子版国际百科全书。