“George Sartorius”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Admiral of the Fleet Sir George Rose Sartorius {{post-nominals|country=GBR|GCB}} (9 August 1790 – 13 April 1885) was an officer of the British Royal Navy. After serving as a junior officer during the Napoleonic Wars, he was present, as a post-captain, at the surrender of Napoleon Bonaparte to Captain Frederick Maitland of {{HMS|Bellerophon|1786|2}} at Rochefort. He later commanded the navy of Dom Pedro in the Portuguese Civil Wars. Dom Pedro was attempting to defeat his brother Dom Miguel, who had usurped the throne of Portugal, and to install Pedro's daughter as the rightful queen, Dona Maria II.

Sartorius went on to command {{HMS|Malabar|1818|2}} in the Mediterranean Fleet and received on board Baldomero Espartero, the regent of Spain, who had been driven out by a coup d'état. Sartorius later served as commander-in-chief at Queenstown.

Early career

Sartorius was born in Bombay, India,^[1] the eldest son of John Conrad Sartorius, a Colonel of Engineers serving in the army of the East India Company, and of Annabella, daughter of George Rose.^[2] He entered the Navy in June 1801, as a first-class volunteer, on board the yacht Mary, under the command of Captain Sir Harry Burrard-Neale. Between May 1802 and October 1804 he served aboard the frigates {{HMS|Fisgard|1797|2}} and {{HMS|Naiad|1797|2}}, commanded by Captain James Wallis on the Home Station, and was rated as a midshipman. He then joined the {{HMS|Tonnant|1798|2}}, serving under Captains William Henry Jervis and Charles Tyler, seeing action under the latter at the battle of Trafalgar on 21 October 1805. After the battle he served as part of the prize crew, under Lieutenant James Stuart, on board the captured Spanish 74 {{Ship|Spanish ship|Bahama|1784|2}}.^[3]

In June 1806 Sartorius joined the {{HMS|Daphne|1806|2}}, Captain Francis Mason. He took part in the capture of Montevideo in February 1807, and participated in various operations in South America. He was promoted to lieutenant on 5 March 1808, into the frigate {{HMS|Success|1781|2}}, Captain John Ayscough. There he was employed in protecting to the Greenland fisheries, before being sent to the Mediterranean Fleet, where he assisted at the reduction of the Phlegraean Islands of Ischia and Procida in June 1809, and operated in the defence of Sicily against the threatened invasion of Joachim Murat.^[3]

On 4 April 1810, Sartorius commanded the boats of the Success and brig {{HMS|Espoir|1804|2}}, at the destruction of two vessels laden with oil, while under a heavy fire, on the beach near Castiglione,^[4] and on the 25th he assisted at the capture of an armed ship and three barques close to the castle of Terracina.^[3] After serving with the flotilla at the defence of Cádiz he was promoted to commander on 1 February 1812, and was appointed to the gun-brig {{HMS|Snap|1812|2}} in August 1812, and then the brig-sloop {{HMS|Avon|1805|2}} in July 1813, both on the Home Station.^[3] Promoted to post-captain on 6 June 1814, Sartorius commanded the 20-gun {{HMS|Slaney|1813|2}} from December 1814 until August 1815, and was present at the surrender of Napoleon Bonaparte to Captain Frederick Maitland of {{HMS|Bellerophon|1786|2}} at Rochefort on 15 July 1815.^[3] He went on to command the fifth-rate {{HMS|Pyramus|1810|2}} during 1828.^[5]

In Portuguese service

In 1831 Sartorius was engaged to command the small fleet of the ex-Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro, Duke of Braganza, in the attempt to defeat his brother Dom Miguel, who had usurped the throne of Portugal, and to install Pedro's daughter as the rightful queen, Dona Maria II. Sartorius conveyed Pedro's expeditionary force from the Azores and safely effected their Landing at Mindelo in July 1832, from where they were able to occupy Porto.^[6] Despite this success, he also had to contend with many difficulties; promised supplies rarely arrived, and his crews consequently became mutinous or deserted. Sartorius spent a great deal of his own money in keeping the fleet together. When he threatened to sail off with it until he was paid, Dom Pedro sent two English officers to the flagship; one to arrest Sartorius, the other to take command. Sartorius promptly confined them both aboard. In June 1833, Sartorius handed command over to Captain Sir Charles Napier.^[2] In consequence of serving in the armed forces of a foreign power, an offence under the 1819 Foreign Enlistment Act, his name was struck off the British Navy List, and was not restored until 1836.^[2]

For his services to the Portuguese, Sartorius was presented with the Grand Cross of the Order of Aviz, and created a Knight Commander of the Order of the Tower and Sword,^[3] and was made Visconde da Piedade in 1832, and later became Visconde de Mindelo, and Conde de Penha Firme.^[6]^[1]

Later career

On 21 August 1841 Sartorius received a knighthood from the Queen at Windsor Castle,^[7] and was also appointed to command of {{HMS|Malabar|1818|2}} in the Mediterranean.^[3] In July 1843 off Cadiz he received on board Baldomero Espartero, the regent of Spain, who had been driven out by a coup d'état. He later received the thanks of the President and Congress of the United States for his efforts in saving the frigate {{USS|Missouri|1841|6}}, which caught fire at Gibraltar in August 1843.^[2] Malabar was paid off in 1844,^[3] and Sartorius saw no further service at sea,^[2] though he continued to take an active interest in naval affairs, becoming one of the earliest advocates of ram ships.^[6]

Sartorius was appointed a naval aide-de-camp to the Queen on 9 November 1846^[8] and was promoted to rear-admiral on 9 May 1849.^[9] He served as commander-in-chief at Queenstown, with his flag in the sixth-rate {{HMS|Conway|1832|2}}, from 1855 to 1856,^[6] receiving promotion to vice-admiral on 31 January 1856,^[10] and then to full admiral on 11 February 1861.^[11] He was appointed a Knight Commander of the Order of the Bath on 28 March 1865.^[12] He was then appointed the Vice-Admiral of the United Kingdom and Lieutenant of the Admiralty on 1 March 1869^[13] and was promoted to Admiral of the Fleet on 2 July 1869.^[14] He was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 23 April 1880.^[15]

Sartorius died at him home at Lymington in Hampshire on 13 April 1885, and is buried at the Church of St. Mary the Virgin, South Baddesley, while the east window of the nearby Church of St. Thomas the Apostle, Lymington is dedicated to him.^[16] His son Reginald is also buried at South Baddesley.^[17]

Personal life

In 1839 he married Sophia, a daughter of John Lamb, and had three sons^[2] and three daughters:^[1] All three boys became Army officers:

Two of his sons were awarded the Victoria Cross, Reginald during the Third Anglo-Ashanti War, and Euston during the Second Anglo-Afghan War.^[18]

See also

References

1. ^¹²{{Cite book|title=Nobreza de Portugal e Brasil |trans-title=Nobility of Portugal and Brazil |editor-first=Afonso Eduardo Martins |editor-last=Zuquete |edition=2nd |location=Lisbon |year=1989 |volume=3 |page=118 |url=http://www.geneall.net/U/per_page.php?id=54885 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}
2. ^¹²³⁴⁵{{Cite DNB |wstitle=Sartorius, George Rose |first=John Knox |last=Laughton |authorlink=John Knox Laughton |volume=50 }}
3. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶⁷{{cite wikisource |first=William Richard |last=O'Byrne |chapter=Sartorius, George Rose |title=A Naval Biographical Dictionary |year=1849 |publisher=John Murray}}
4. ^{{London Gazette |issue=16392 |date=31 July 1810 |page=1138 }}
5. ^Heathcote, p. 226
6. ^¹²³{{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24673?docPos=2 |title=George Sartorius |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2013 |accessdate=11 November 2013}} (Subscription required)
7. ^{{London Gazette |issue=20012 |date=31 August 1841 |page=2203 |nolink=yes }}
8. ^{{London Gazette |issue=20667 |date=17 November 1846 |page=4660 |nolink=yes }}
9. ^{{London Gazette |issue=20977 |date=11 May 1849 |page=1553 |nolink=yes }}
10. ^{{London Gazette |issue=21846 |date=5 February 1856 |page=427 |nolink=yes }}
11. ^{{London Gazette |issue=22481 |date=19 February 1861 |page=705 |nolink=yes }}
12. ^{{London Gazette |issue=22952 |date=28 March 1865 |page=1730 |nolink=yes }}
13. ^{{London Gazette |issue=23475 |date=2 March 1869 |pages=1452–1453 |nolink=yes }}
14. ^{{London Gazette |issue=23516 |date=13 July 1869 |page=3958 |nolink=yes }}
15. ^{{London Gazette |issue=24838 |date=27 April 1880 |page=2724 |nolink=yes }}
16. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.lymington-and-district-historical-society.co.uk/March2013.html|title=Some Memorials in the New Forest|last=Ride|first=David|date=March 2013|work=Lymington & District Historical Society|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|accessdate=11 November 2013}}
17. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newforestmilitaryarchive.org.uk/Site/South_Baddesley/Entries/2009/4/24_Major_General_Sartorius_VC_CMG,_Reginald_William.html |title=Major General Reginald William Sartorius VC CMG |work=New Forest Military Archive |year=2013 |accessdate=11 November 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111031056/http://www.newforestmilitaryarchive.org.uk/Site/South_Baddesley/Entries/2009/4/24_Major_General_Sartorius_VC_CMG,_Reginald_William.html |archivedate=11 November 2013 |df=dmy }}
18. ^{{cite web |url= http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=72993&back= |title=The Sartorius brothers |first=Dorothy |last=Anderson |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year= 2004 |accessdate=11 November 2013}}