词条 | German casualties in World War II | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
释义 |
Statistics for German World War II military casualties are divergent and contradictory. The wartime military casualty figures compiled by German High Command, up until January 31, 1945, are often cited by military historians when covering individual campaigns in the war. A recent study by the German historian Rüdiger Overmans found that the German High Command statistics are not reliable, he estimated German military dead at 5.3 million, including 900,000 men conscripted from outside of Germany's 1937 borders, in Austria and in east-central Europe.{{sfn|Overmans|2000|p=Bd. 46}}[1][2] The German government still maintains that its records list 4.3 million dead and missing military personnel.[3][4] Civilian deaths during the war include air raid deaths, estimates of German civilians killed only by Allied strategic bombing have ranged from around 350,000[5][6] to 500,000.[7][8][9][10][11] Civilian deaths, due to the flight and expulsion of Germans and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union are disputed and range from 500,000[12][13][14] to over 2.0 million.[15][16][17] According to the German government Suchdienste (Search Service) there were 300,000 German victims (including Jews) of Nazi racial, political and religious persecution.[18] This statistic does not include 200,000 German people with disabilities who were murdered in the Action T4 and Action 14f13 euthanasia programs.[19] [20]German sources for military casualtiesRecords of German military search serviceIn the post-war era the military search service Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) has been responsible for providing information for the families of those military personnel who were killed or went missing in the war. They maintain the files over 18 million men who served in the war. By the end of 1954, they had identified approximately 4 million military dead and missing (2,730,000 dead and 1,240,629 missing).[21] (Since the fall of communism the records in the former GDR (East Germany) have become available to the WASt). The German Red Cross reported in 2005 that the records of the military search service WAS list total Wehrmacht losses at 4.3 million men (3.1 million dead and 1.2 million missing) in World War II. Their figures include Austria and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe.[22] The German historian Rüdiger Overmans used the files of WASt) to conduct his research project on German military casualties. Wartime statistics compiled by German High Command (OKW)The German military system for reporting casualties was based on a numerical reporting of casualties by individual units and a separate listing of the names of individual casualties. The system was not uniform because various military branches such as the Army, Air Force, Navy, Waffen SS and the military hospitals each had different systems of reporting. In early 1945 the German High Command (OKW) prepared a summary of total losses up to January 31, 1945. The German historian Rüdiger Overmans believes, based on his research, that these figures are incomplete and unreliable. According to Overmans, the casualty reporting system broke down in the chaos at the end of the war. Many men who went missing or were taken prisoner were not included in the German High Command (OKW) figures. Overmans maintains that many individual reports of casualties were not processed by the end of the war and are not reflected in the German High Command (OKW) statistics.[23] The following schedules summarize the OKW figures published in the post-war era. Reported in the press in 1945According to a report published by the Reuters News Agency, on July 29 1945 highly confidential archives found at Flensburg, in the house of General Reinecke showed German losses up to November 30, 1944 as 3.6 million, detailed in the following schedule.
Source of figures: Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. Page 72 OKW war diaryPercy Ernst Schramm was responsible for maintaining the official OKW diary during the war. In 1949 he published an article in the newspaper Die Zeit, in which he listed OKW Casualty Figures[24] these figures also appeared in a multi-volume edition of the OKW diaries. OKW Casualty Figures Sept 1, 1939 to Jan 31, 1945
Source of Figures: Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940—1945: 8 Bde. 1961 ({{ISBN|9783881990738}}) Pages 1508-1511 Notes: 1-These statistics include losses of the Waffen SS as well as Volkssturm and paramilitary serving with the regular forces.[25] 2-These statistics include casualties of the volunteer forces from the Soviet Union. 83,307 dead; 57,258 missing and 118,127 wounded. 3-Included in these statistics are 322,807 POWs held by the US and UK. 4-The figures for Army wounded add up to 4,219,211. Schramm put the total at 4,188,057. 5-Figures of missing include POWs held by Allies. West German government Statistisches Jahrbuch (Statistical Yearbook).A. OKW figures from 9/1/1939 to 12/31/1944
Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78 B. Monthly Field Army (Feldheer) casualties September 1939 to November 1944
Notes: Figures include Waffen SS, Austrians and conscripted ethnic Germans. Figures for missing include POW held by Allies. Source: Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78 Das Heer 1933–1945 by Burkhart Müller-HillebrandIn 1969, the West German military historian Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand (de) published the third volume of his study of the German Army in World War II Das Heer 1933–1945 that listed OKW casualty figures and his estimate of total German casualties. Müller-Hillebrand maintained that the OKW figures did not present an accurate accounting of German casualties because they understated losses in the final months of the war on the eastern front and post war deaths of POW in Soviet captivity. According to Müller-Hillebrand actual irrecoverable losses in the war were between 3.3 and 4.5 million men. Overall Müller-Hillebrand estimated the total dead and missing at 4.0 million men.[26] A. Losses Reported by OKW September 1 1939{{snd}}April 30 1945 (For all branches of service)
Source: Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945 Vol 3. Page 262 The figure of 1,277,000 killed and missing from January 1 1945 - April 30 1945 was estimated by the U.S. Army in the 1947 report German Manpower[27] B. Field Army (Feldheer) casualties September 1939 to November 1944
Source: Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945 Vol 3. Page 264 C. Field Army (Feldheer) casualties September 1939 to November 1944
Source: Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945 Vol.3 Page 265 Strength by service branch
Source:Geschichte des Zweiten Weltkreiges, A.G Ploetz verlag -Würzburg 1960 pp. 122–24 Statistical study by Rüdiger OvermansThe German historian Rüdiger Overmans in 2000 published the study Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg (German Military Casualties in the Second World War), which has provided a reassessment of German military war dead based on a statistical survey of German military personnel records. The financial support for the study came from a private foundation. When Overmans conducted his research project during 1992 to 1994 he was an officer in the German Armed Forces. Overmans was an associate of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office from 1987 until 2004 and was on the faculty of the University of Freiburg from 1996-2001. In 1992 when Overmans began the project, German military dead in the war listed at the military search service Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) were 4.3 million men (3.1 million confirmed dead and 1.2 missing and presumed dead). Since the collapse of communism previously classified documentation regarding German military casualties became available to German researchers. The research project involved taking a statistical sample of the confidential German military personnel records located at the (WASt). The project sought to determine total deaths and their cause, when and in which theatre of war the losses occurred as well as a demographic profile of the men who served in the war. Nineteen employees at Deutsche Dienststelle assisted in the survey. The personnel records included 3,070,000 men who were confirmed dead in the Death Files and another 15,200,000 men in the General Files who had served in the war including those listed as missing and presumed dead. The total sample pulled for the research consisted of the files of 4,844 personnel dead or missing in military service during the war: The first group 4,137 from Army, Air Force and 172 from Waffen SS and paramilitary organizations including (3,051 confirmed dead from the Death Files and another 1,258 found to be dead or missing in the General Files) The Second Group of 535 men found to be dead or missing was selected from the separate Navy files. Overmans maintains that based on the size of the sample selected that there was a 99% confidence level that the results were accurate. The research by Overmans concluded in 2000 that the total German military dead and missing were 5,318,000. The results of the Overmans research project were published with the endorsement of the German Armed Forces Military History Research Office of the Federal Ministry of Defense (Germany).[28] The following schedules give a brief overview of the Overmans study.
Of the 2 million presumed dead, Overmans believes 700,000 died in Soviet custody without being reported as POWs.[31]
Overmans stated that there is not sufficient data to break down the 1,230,045 deaths in the 1945 Final Battles in Germany between the Western Allied invasion of Germany and Eastern Front in 1945, although he estimates that 2/3 of these casualties can be attributed to the Eastern Front. Overall he estimated losses for the entire war on the Eastern front at 4 million and in the West 1 million.[33] For the entire year 1945 Overmans puts total losses at 1,540,000 (1,230,045 in the final battles; 57,495 in other theaters and 252,188 POW)[34] Monthly German military casualties at point of death per Overmans study. (Not including living POWs still held.)
Notes: Figures include Waffen SS, Austrians, conscripted ethnic Germans, Volkssturm, and other paramilitary forces. Figures do not include prisoners held by Allies. Prisoners held during the war are listed in a separate schedule below. Monthly figures do not add because of rounding.
Soviet sources reported that "In 1945 the German Army lost more than 1,000,000 men killed on the Soviet-German front alone."[38] Figures do not include POW deaths of 363,000 in Soviet captivity; these losses were listed separately by Overmans.
According to Overmans there are no reliable figures to breakout the national origin for the figure of 900,000 men of German ancestry conscripted into the Waffen-SS[40] Overmans maintains that records of the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) surveyed only persons of German ancestry "deutsche nach Abstammung"[40] However Polish sources maintain that during the war the Germans forcibly conscripted ethnic Poles into the German military. Professor Ryszard Kaczmarek of the University of Silesia in Katowice, author of a monograph titled Polacy w Wehrmachcie ("Poles in the Wehrmacht") noted that many Polish citizens in the Polish areas annexed by Nazi Germany were forcibly conscripted in Upper Silesia and in Pomerania. They were declared citizens of the Third Reich by law and therefore subject to drumhead court-martial in case of draft evasion.[41] A 1958 West German estimate put the military war dead of ethnic German(deutschen Bevölkerung) foreign nationals from east-central Europe in the German Armed Forces at 432,000 (Blatic States 15,000, Poland 108,000, Czechoslovakia 180,000, Hungary 32,000, Yugoslavia 40,000 and Romania 35,000)[42] Overmans does not include Russian volunteers in the Wehrmacht in his figures, only persons of German ancestry (Deutsche nach Abstammung). According to Overmans there is no reliable data on losses of Soviet volunteers[43] Russian military historian G. I. Krivosheev estimated losses in the Wehrmacht of volunteer formations and SS troops (Vlasovites, Balts, Muslims etc.) at 215,000.[52] The statistics of the German High Command put casualties of the volunteer forces from the Soviet Union up until 1/31/1945 at: 83,307 dead; 57,258 missing and 118,127 wounded[44] Comparison of figures at 12/31/1944 of Overmans and German High CommandOvermans maintains that his research project taking a statistical sample of the records of the Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt) found that the German military casualty reporting system broke down during the war and that losses were understated. The following schedule compares the total dead and living POW according to Overmans at 12/31/1944 with the figures of the German High Command.
German prisoners of warSee also: German prisoners of war in northwest Europe, German prisoners of war in the Soviet Union and German prisoners of war in the United States The fates of German prisoners of war have been a concern in post war Germany. By 1950 the Soviets reported that they had repatriated all German prisoners of war except a small number of convicted war criminals. During the cold war in West Germany there were claims that one million German prisoners of war were held in secret by the USSR. The West German government set up the Maschke Commission to investigate the fate of German POW in the war; in its report of 1974 the Maschke Commission found that about 1.2 million German military personnel reported as missing more than likely died as POWs, including 1.1 million in the USSR.[48] Based on his research, Rüdiger Overmans believes that the deaths of 459,000 dead POWs can be confirmed in the files of Deutsche Dienststelle (WASt)(including 363,000 in the USSR). Overmans estimates the actual death toll of German POWs is about 1.1 million men (including 1.0 million in the USSR); he maintains that among those reported as missing were men who actually died as prisoners.[49] Data from the Soviet Archives published by G. I. Krivosheev put the deaths in the USSR of German POWs at 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in transit.[52] After the collapse of communism, data from the Soviet Archives became available concerning the deaths of German POWs in the USSR. In recent years there has been a joint Russian-German project to investigate the fate of POWs in the war.[50] According to the records of the western Allies 2.8 million German soldiers surrendered on the Western Front between D-day and the end of April 1945; 1.3 million between D-day and March 31, 1945,;[51] and 1.5 million of them in the month of April.[52] From early March these surrenders seriously weakened the Wehrmacht in the West, and made further surrenders more likely, thus having a snowballing effect. On March 27 Eisenhower declared at a press conference that the enemy were a whipped army .[53] In March the daily rate of POWs taken on the Western Front was 10,000;[54] in the first 14 days of April it rose to 39,000[55] and in the last 16 days the average peaked at 59,000 soldiers captured each day.[56] The number of prisoners taken in the west in March and April was over 1,800,000,[57] more than double the 800,000 German soldiers who surrendered to the Russians in the last three or four months of the war.[58] The Western Allies also took 134,000 German soldiers prisoner in North Africa[59] , and at least 220,000 by the end of April 1945 in the Italian campaign[59] . The total haul of German POWs held by the Western Allies by April 30, 1945 in all theatres of war was over 3,150,000, rising in NW Europe to 7,614,790 after the end of the war.[60] It is worth noting that the allied armies which captured the 2.8 million German soldiers up to April 30 1945, while Hitler was still alive and resisting as hard as he could, comprised at their peak 88 divisions[61] which amounted to roughly 1.2 to 1.4 million men. The casualties suffered by the Western Allies in making this remarkable contribution to the defeat of the Wehrmacht were relatively light, 164,590 killed and 78,680 taken prisoner[62] , a total loss of 243,270 to inflict a loss of 2.8 million on the German army.
Source of figures-Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkrieges. Page 246.
Source of figures Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg page 286
Source:Rüdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein Taschenbuch vlg., 2002 Pages 272-273 Overmans has made the following points in Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg
Russian sourcesThe Russian military historian G. I. Krivosheev has published figures for the casualties on all fronts compiled by the German High Command up until April 30 1945 based on captured German records in the Soviet Archives.
Krivosheev gave a separate set of statistics that put losses at 2,230,000 Killed; 2,400,000 missing and 5,240,000 wounded. According to Krivosheev "The figures in the Wehrmacht documents relating to Germany's war losses are therefore contradictory and unreliable."[66] Based on Soviet sources Krivosheev put German losses on the Eastern Front from 1941-1945 at 6,923,700 men: including{{snd}}killed 4,137,100, taken prisoner 2,571,600 and 215,000 dead among Russian volunteers in the Wehrmacht. Deaths of POW were 450,600 including 356,700 in NKVD camps and 93,900 in transit.[67] Soviet sources claimed that "In 1945 the German Army lost more than 1,000,000 men killed on the Soviet-German front alone."[68] German casualties in English language sourcesEstimated figures for German World War II casualties are divergent and contradictory. The authors of the Oxford Companion to World War II maintain that casualty statistics are notoriously unreliable[69] The following is a list of published statistics for German casualties in World War II.
A. German war dead- 5,200,000 (3,200,000 military and 2,000,000 civilians)[81]
United States Army Figures for German and Italian LossesAccording to the report of General George Marshall issued in 1945 the "breakdown of German and Italian losses against American, British, and French forces" in the war in Europe was as follows:
Source of figures: Biennial report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War : July 1, 1943, to June 30, 1945[103] (A) 252,415 Germans and Italians were captured in Tunisia[104] According to the Imperial War Museum Following the Italian surrender in 1943, 100,000 Italians volunteered to work as 'co-operators'. They were given considerable freedom and mixed with local people.[105] Italian fascist forces fought in the Italian campaign until the end of the war with the Italian Social Republic (B) Includes 3,404,949 disarmed enemy forces. (C) The Biennial report of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army issued in 1945 also estimated Japanese "battle dead" at 1.239 million.[103] However, Japanese government figures from 2003 put their military war dead at 2.3 million.[106] Demographic estimates of military lossesBased on information available in January 1946, the Metropolitan Life Insurance Co. put German military dead at 3,250,000. According to Gregory Frumkin this presumably referred to aggregate German forces including those conscripted outside the 1937 German borders.[107][108] In 1951, Gregory Frumkin, who was throughout its existence the editor of the Statistical Year Book of the League of Nations, provided an assessment of German military losses based on a demographic analysis of the European population from 1939 to 1947. Frumkin put total German military dead and missing at 3,975,000: Germany (1937 borders) 3,500,000; Austria 230,000; 200,000 Sudeten Germans from Czechoslovakia; 40,000 from France, 3,700 from the Netherlands; 700 from Norway and 398 from Denmark.[109] The West German government in November 1949, based on an analysis of the population balance for Germany within its 1937 borders, put German military losses at 3,250,000: 1,650,000 killed and 1,600,000 missing. Figures exclude Austria and conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe[110] A demographic analysis of the population balance by the West German government in 1960 put the total military losses of the Wehrmacht at 4,440,000; 3,760,000 for Germany (1937 borders); 430,000 conscripted ethnic Germans from Eastern Europe and 250,000 from Austria.[111] Civilian casualtiesAir raid deathsOfficial statistics published by the West German government 1956 put the death toll due to air raids at 635,000.[112] However, estimates from other sources tend to be lower, ranging from 305,000 to 500,000 persons killed by Allied bombing of German cities. 1956 West German government reportThe schedule below details the statistics published by the West German government 1956. They estimated 635,000 total deaths, 500,000 due to the strategic bombing of Germany and an additional 135,000 killed in air raids during the 1945 flight and evacuations on the eastern front.[113] The civilian deaths in the air raids on eastern Front after 1/31/1945 are also included with the figures of the losses during the Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50)[114]
Sources for figures in schedule: (1) Hans Sperling, Die Luftkriegsverluste während des zweiten Weltkriegs in Deutschland, Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office) (2) Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78. (3) Erich Hampe "Der Zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg" pp.138-142 The United States Strategic Bombing SurveyThe United States Strategic Bombing Survey gave three different figures for German air raid deaths 1-The summary report of September 30, 1945 put total casualties for the entire period of the war at 305,000 killed and 780,000 wounded.[115] 2- The section Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy of October 31, 1945 put the losses at 375,000 killed and 625,000 wounded[116][117] 3-The section The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany of January 1947 made a preliminary calculated estimate of air raid dead at 422,000[118][119] According to the report "no complete and accurate figures on German civilian air raid casualties, covering the entire period of the war, are available". The authors maintain that the German figures for 1940 through 1943 of 111,000 killed was generally correct and that their estimate of 311,000 dead for the years 1944 and 1945 was based on the tons of bombs dropped and the population size of the cities bombed. Regarding overall losses they concluded that "It was further estimated that an additional number, approximately 25% of known deaths in 1944 and 1945, were still unrecovered and unrecorded. With an addition of this estimate of 1944 and 1945 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks"[120] Analysis by Richard OveryHistorian Richard Overy in 2014 published a study of the air war The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945 in which he disputed the official German figures of air war dead. He estimated total air raid deaths at 353,000. The main points of Overy's analysis are as follows.[121]
Other estimates of air raid deaths
Civilians killed in 1945 military campaignThe West German government in made a rough estimate in 1956 of 20,000 civilians killed during the 1945 military campaign in current post war German borders, not including the former German territories in Poland.[8] However, there is a more recent estimate of 22,000 civilians killed during the fighting in Berlin only.[125] Not included in these figures are civilians who died in the fighting and atrocities in East-Prussia (Konigsberg, Pillau), Pommerania (Danzig, Kolberg) and Silesia (Breslau). The losses of civilians from East-Central Europe in the 1945 are included with the expulsion dead, the German Archives report of 1974 estimated 150,000 violent deaths of civilians in East-Central Europe during the 1945 military campaign.[126] Deaths due to Nazi political, racial and religious persecutionThe West German government put the number of Germans killed by the Nazi political, racial and religious persecution at 300,000 (including 160,000 German Jews)[127] A 2003 report by the German Federal Archive put the total murdered during the Action T4 Euthanasia program at over 200,000 persons. Previously it was reported that 70,000 persons were murdered in the euthanasia program, recent research in the archives of the former East Germany indicate that the number of victims in Germany and Austria was about 200,000.[128] [129]NKVD special camps in East Germany 1945–1950The Soviets set up NKVD special camps in the Soviet-occupied parts of Germany and areas east of the Oder-Neisse line to intern Germans accused of alleged ties to the Nazis, or because they were hindering the establishment of Stalinism in East Germany. Between 122,000 and 150,000 were detained and at least 43,000 did not survive.[130] Expulsion of Germans after World War II and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet UnionSee Also: Flight and expulsion of Germans (1944–50) and Forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union Civilian deaths, due to the flight and expulsion of Germans and the forced labor of Germans in the Soviet Union, are sometimes included with World War II casualties. During the Cold War, the West German government estimated the death toll at 2.225 million[131] in the wartime evacuations, forced labor in the Soviet Union as well as the post war expulsions. This figure was to remain unchallenged until the 1990s when some German historians put the actual death toll in the expulsions at 500,000 confirmed deaths listed in a 1965 German Red Cross study.[14][132] The German Historical Museum puts the figure at 600,000 dead; they maintain the figure of 2 million expulsion deaths cannot be supported.[12] However, the position of the German government, the German Federal Agency for Civic Education and the German Red Cross is that the death toll in the expulsions is between 2.0 and 2.5 million civilians.[17][123]{{rp|17}} The German historian Rüdiger Overmans maintains that there are more arguments for a lower figure of 500,000 rather than the higher figures of over 2.0 million. He believes that the previous studies by the German government should be subject to critical revision and new research is needed to establish the actual number of expulsion deaths.[133] The following studies were published by the West German government estimating expulsion deaths.
Total population losses 1939–1946Estimated total German population losses (in 1937 German borders) directly related to the war range between 5.5[144] to 6.9 million persons.[145] These figures do not include ethnic Germans from other nations in the German military and ethnic German civilians who were killed in expulsions. In 1956 the West German government figures in the table below list an estimated about 5.5 million deaths (military and civilian) directly caused by the war within the borders of 1937.[146] A study by the German demographer Peter Marschalck put the total deaths directly related to the war both military and civilians at 5.2 million, plus an estimated decline in births of 1.7 million, bringing total population losses related to the war at 6.9 million persons within the borders of 1937.[145] There were additional deaths of the ethnic Germans outside of Germany in Eastern Europe, men conscripted during the war and ethnic German civilian deaths during post war expulsions German government figures (2005)In 2005 the German government Suchdienste (Search Service) put the total combined German military and civilian war dead at 7,375,800, including ethnic Germans outside of Germany and Austrians. This figure includes 4.3 million military dead and missing, 500,000 killed by strategic bombing, 300,000 victims of Nazi political, racial and religious persecution, 2,251,500 civilian dead in expulsions and 24,300 Austrian civilians.[147]{{rp|12}} Population balance for Germany in 1937 borders (not including Austria or the ethnic Germans of East Europe): May 1939 to October 1946According to West German Government 1956
Sources for figures: Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, Journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office) Notes:
Population balance for AustriaThe Austrian government provides the following information on human losses during the rule of the Nazis. For Austria the consequences of the Nazi regime and the Second World War were disastrous: During this period 2,700 Austrians had been executed and more than 16,000 citizens murdered in the concentration camps. Some 16,000 Austrians were killed in prison, while over 67,000 Austrian Jews were deported to death camps, only 2,000 of them lived to see the end of the war. In addition, 247,000 Austrians lost their lives serving in the army of the Third Reich or were reported missing, and 24,000 civilians were killed during bombing raids.[154] Population balance for the ethnic Germans of Eastern EuropeIn 1958 the West German government statistical office put the losses of the ethnic Germans at 1,318,000 (886,000 civilians in the expulsions and 411,000 in the German military and 22,000 in the Hungarian and Romanian military)[155] The research of Rüdiger Overmans puts military losses of ethnic Germans at 534,000[156]Ingo Haar points out that of the 886,000 estimated civilian dead from east Europe only about 170,000 deaths have been confirmed; the balance are considered unsolved cases.[139] Controversies over German lossesIn post-war Germany the fate of civilians and prisoners of war has been a contentious topic. The current view of the German government is that these losses were due to an aggressive war started by the German nation.[157] However, there are fringe groups who attempt to trivialize the crimes of the Hitler period by comparing German losses to the Holocaust. The ultra-right in Germany has coined the phrases {{citation needed span|"Bombing Holocaust"|date=August 2015}} and {{citation needed span|"Expulsion Holocaust".|date=August 2015}} The bombing of Dresden and the bombing campaign in general has been a topic of ultra-right propaganda in post-war Germany.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} Amongst others, the German historian Wolfgang Benz believes that the use of the term "Bombing Holocaust" runs contrary to historical fact.[158] The German government currently places the ultimate blame for the mass flight and expulsion on the wartime policy of the Nazis in Eastern Europe.[157] There are those like Heinz Nawratil who try to equate the expulsions from Eastern Europe with the Holocaust. The German historian Martin Broszat (former head of Institute of Contemporary History in Munich) described Nawratil's writings as "polemics with a nationalist-rightist point of view", and that Nawratil "exaggerates in an absurd manner the scale of 'expulsion crimes'".[159] The Federation of Expellees has represented the interests of Germans from Eastern Europe. Erika Steinbach, the current President of the Federation, provoked outrage when she supported the statements of other members of the expellee organization claiming that Hitler's attack on Poland was a response to Poland's policy.[160] The Federation of Expellees initiated the formation of the Center Against Expulsions.[161] The former President of Germany Joachim Gauck and the German chancellor Angela Merkel have voiced support for the Center Against Expulsions. However, in Poland it is viewed by some as an attempt to reopen the wounds of the war and to revert to pre-war borders.{{citation needed|date=August 2015}} The fate of over one million missing German soldiers in the USSR was an issue in post-war West Germany, with some claiming that they were held in secret labor camps by the Soviets. It is now known that they did not survive the war, Rüdiger Overmans believes that more than likely they died in Soviet custody.[162] The Canadian author James Bacque (a novelist with no previous historical research experience) has written a book Other Losses in which he claims that the United States are responsible for the deaths of 800,000 to 1,000,000 German POW. Based on his own research Bacque claims that documents from the US Archives show that there were 800,000 German POW who did not survive US captivity. Bacque alleges that General Eisenhower and the US military deliberately withheld support for the German POW, causing their deaths. Bacque presents his arguments with a description of the horrific conditions at the Rheinwiesenlager POW camps and eyewitness accounts of retired US military officers. Bacque maintains that there has been a conspiracy by the United States to cover up these losses. Bacque’s book received wide attention when it was first published in 1989, since then his claims have been challenged by historians who have found his thesis to be unsubstantiated. The US military historian Stephen Ambrose was co-editor of the book Eisenhower and the German POWs in which he refutes Bacque’s claims. Ambrose maintains that the figure of 800,000 POW missing from the US records was a bookkeeping error, that many POW were released and no records were maintained. Ambrose points out that the US and the UK had to cope with a major logistical problem in order to maintain the huge number of surrendered German personnel and finds the claim that Eisenhower and the US military deliberately withheld support for the German POW to be without merit.[163] Rüdiger Overmans believes that "on the basis of factual individual data, shown before, the thesis of the Canadian James Bacque cannot be supported".[64] Database of Fallen SoldiersA humanitarian organisation, known as ({{lang-de|Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge|lit=German War Graves Commission}}), is directed by the Federal Republic of Germany to record all the German fallen soldiers and maintain their graveyards abroad in 46 countries. The organisation was founded on 16 December 1919 to look after the World War I soldiers' graves. Later on, it commenced to track German casualties again starting from 1946 after the World War II. Currently, the commission runs an online database in which soldiers' family can search for the missing relatives.[164] Estimates indicate that at least 40,000 war casualties are found a year. The commission has already built more than 300 cemeteries from World War II and 190 from World War I all over Europe.[165] Notes1. ^Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} page 228 {{DEFAULTSORT:German Casualties In World War Ii}}2. ^{{cite book | last = Hartmann | first = Christian | authorlink = Christian Hartmann (historian) | year = 2013 | title = Operation Barbarossa: Nazi Germany's War in the East, 1941–1945 | publisher = Oxford University Press| location = Oxford | isbn = 978-0-19-966078-0 | ref = harv}} "Since the end of the 1990s, we have known that the total German military losses were actually far higher that had long been believed: close to 5,318,000 men". 3. ^Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} pp.147-48 4. ^[https://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf] Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005. (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily 5. ^1 Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Page 74 Geneva 1951. 6. ^Richard Overy, The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940–1945 (2013) pp 304-7 7. ^Erich Hampe "Der Zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg" pp.138-142 The figure of 500,000 includes 436,000 civilians, 39,000 foreign workers and prisoners of war and 25,000 police and military personnel. 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office) 9. ^The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78. 10. ^>United States Strategic Bombing Survey, The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany, P. 13 According to the report "no complete and accurate figures on German civilian air raid casualties, covering the entire period of the war, are available". The authors maintain that the German figures for 1940 through 1943 of 111,000 killed was generally correct and that their estimate of 311,000 dead for the years 1944 and 1945 was based on the tons of bombs dropped and the population size of the cities bombed. Regarding overall losses they concluded that "It was further estimated that an additional number, approximately 25% of known deaths in 1944 and 1945, were still unrecovered and unrecorded. With an addition of this estimate of 1944 and 1945 unrecorded deaths, the final estimation gave in round numbers a half a million German civilians killed by Allied aerial attacks". 11. ^[https://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf] Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005. (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily 12. ^1 2 Die Flucht der deutschen Bevölkerung 1944/45 13. ^Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar, "Bevölkerungsbilanzen und Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 {{ISBN|978-3-531-15556-2}} 14. ^1 Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn: Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte. Paderborn 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-506-77044-8}} 15. ^Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 16. ^[https://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf] Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005. (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily 17. ^1 Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006, [https://web.archive.org/web/20080210034644/http://www.dradio.de/dlf/sendungen/kulturheute/569560] 18. ^ |Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005. (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily 19. ^{{cite web|last1=German Federal Archive|title=Euthanasie im Dritten Reich|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/DE/Content/Artikel/Ueber-uns/Aus-unserer-Arbeit/euthanasie-im-dritten-reich.html|website=Bundesarchiv-German Federal Archive|publisher=German Federal Archive|accessdate=4 March 2018}} 20. ^{{cite web|title=Quellen zur Geschichte der “Euthanasie”-Verbrechen 1939-1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven.|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/geschichte_euthanasie/Inventar_euth_doe.pdf|publisher=bundesarchiv.|accessdate=3 March 2018}}"der Zahl von200.000 Ermordungen zu rechnen ist" the number murdered is calculated at 200,000 21. ^Ploetz Geschichte des zweiten Weltkrieges Würzburg, Ploetz 1960 page 80 22. ^[https://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf] Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005. (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily 23. ^Rüdiger Overmans (de). Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Page 13-66 24. ^Die Zeit 27 October 1949 25. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Pages 49-52 26. ^Burkhart Müller-Hillebrand Das Heer 1933–1945. Entwicklung des organisatorischen Aufbaues. Band III. Der Zweifrontenkrieg. Das Heer vom Beginn des Feldzuges gegen die Sowjetunion bis zum Kriegsende. Mittler, Frankfurt am Main 1969 Pages 258-266 27. ^Overmans, Rüdiger: Die Toten des Zweiten Weltkrieges in Deutschland. Bilanz der Forschung unter besonderer Berücksichtigung der Wehrmacht und Vertreibungsverluste, in: Der Zweite Weltkrieg. Analysen, Grundzüge, Forschungsbilanz, Michalka, Wolfgang (Hrsg.), München: Piper 1989, pages 862-63 28. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Pages 151 to 204 29. ^1 2 Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}}, 30. ^Overmans on page 176 of Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg defines "Letze Nachricht" das nur bekannt ist, von wann der letzte Feldpost oder ein anders Lebenszeichen stammt. All that is known is the origin of the last postal address or other sign of life 31. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Page 289 32. ^Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}},P. 336 and P.174 33. ^Overmans, p. 265 34. ^1 Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Page 266 35. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000, Page 239 36. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Page 257 37. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000, pp. 228-232 38. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000, pp. 170-172 39. ^1 Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000, Page 172 40. ^1 2 3 Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000, Page 228,Deutsche nach Abstammung 41. ^{{cite |first=Ryszard |last=Kaczmarek |url=http://www.przeglad-tygodnik.pl/pl/artykul/wcieleni-do-wehrmachtu-rozmowa-prof-ryszardem-kaczmarkiem |title=Polacy w Wehrmachcie |trans-title=Poles in the Wehrmacht |publisher=Wydawnictwo Literackie |location=Kraków |date=2010 |isbn=978-83-08-04494-0 |quote=Paweł Dybicz for Tygodnik "Przegląd" 38/2012. |language=Polish |accessdate=June 28, 2014 |at=first paragraph}} 42. ^Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 pp.45-6 43. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000, Page 228-232,Deutsche nach Abstammung 44. ^1 Percy Schramm Kriegstagebuch des Oberkommandos der Wehrmacht: 1940 - 1945: 8 Bde. ({{ISBN|9783881990738}} ) Pages 1508 to 1511 45. ^Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}}, Page 241 46. ^Rüdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein Taschenbuch vlg., 2002 47. ^Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960 Page 78 48. ^Erich Maschke, Zur Geschichte der deutschen Kriegsgefangenen des Zweiten Weltkrieges Bielefeld, E. und W. Gieseking, 1962-1974 Vol 15 P 185-230. 49. ^Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein., 2000 Page 246 {{ISBN|3-549-07121-3}} 50. ^[https://www.volksbund.de/fileadmin/redaktion/BereichInfo/BereichPublikationen/Reihe_Allgemeine_Reihe/Erweiterungen/0100_Band_10/0%20Band10%20Narben%20bleiben.pdf] Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005. (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily 51. ^2,055,575 German soldiers surrendered between D-day and April 16, 1945, The Times, April 19 p 4; 755,573 German soldiers surrendered between April 1 and 16, The Times, April 18 p 4, which means that 1,300,002 German soldiers surrendered to the Western Allies between D-day and the end of March 1945. 52. ^The Daily Telegraph Story of the War Vol. 5 p153, ‘The Allied armies in the west captured more than 1,500,000 prisoners during April.’ 53. ^The Times, March 28 page 4, headline "A WHIPPED ARMY, REVIEW BY SUPREME COMMANDER." ... "Quarter of a million German soldiers have been captured since March 1," press release dated March 27. 54. ^Eisenhower Crusade in Europe William Heinemann 1948, p 421 55. ^The Daily Telegraph "Story of the War", Vol. 5 p 127. "In the first fourteen days of April 548,173 German prisoners were taken..." 56. ^In the last sixteen days of April, (over) 951,827 Germans were captured to make a total of (over) 1,500,000 for the whole of April, see Ref. 2 57. ^The number of prisoners taken in March was approaching 350,000, SHAEF Weekly Summary No. 54 w.e.April 1st. PART I LAND Section A, ENEMY OPERATIONS.Thus the total for March and April was well over 1,800,000. (over 300,000 plus 1,500,000.) 58. ^The Times, May 1st 1945 p 4 59. ^1 The Times, Feb 23rd 1945 p 4 60. ^The World War II Databook, by John Ellis, 1993 p256. 61. ^The World War II Databook, by John Ellis, p185. 62. ^The World War II Databook, by John Ellis, p256. 63. ^Rüdiger Overmans, Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein Taschenbuchvlg., 2002 {{ISBN|3-548-36328-8}} 64. ^1 2 3 4 Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Page 286-289 65. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Page 176 66. ^G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 {{ISBN|978-1-85367-280-4}} Page 276 67. ^1 2 G. I. Krivosheev. Soviet Casualties and Combat Losses. Greenhill 1997 {{ISBN|1-85367-280-7}} Pages 276-278 68. ^1 Great patriotic war of the Soviet Union, 1941-1945 : a general outline - Moscow : Progress Publishers, [1974] Page 392 69. ^1 I. C. B. Dear and M. R. D. Foot Oxford Companion to World War II Oxford, 2005 {{ISBN|0-19-280670-X}} page 225 70. ^Encyclopædia Britannica, article World Wars, 2010 71. ^Brinkley, Douglas, World War II Desk Reference , Collins Reference , 2004 {{ISBN|9780060526511}} pages 432-435 72. ^Spencer C. Tucker ,Encyclopedia of world war two, Abc-Clio Inc , 2004 9781576079997 pages 300-301 73. ^Clodfelter, Michael. Warfare and Armed Conflicts – A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1500–2000. 2nd Ed. 2002 {{ISBN|0-7864-1204-6}}. p. 582-583 74. ^John Keegan Atlas of the Second World War , HarperCollins 1997 Pages 204-205 75. ^Ellis, John. World War II – A statistical survey Facts on File 1993. {{ISBN|0-8160-2971-7}}. pp. 253–254 76. ^Dupuy, Col. Trevor N.; Dupuy, R. Ernest, Harper Encyclopedia of Military History, Harper Collins , 1993 {{ISBN|9780062700568}} p.1309 77. ^Alan Bullock, Hitler and Stalin: Parallel Lives Knopf, 1992 {{ISBN|0394586018}}, pages 986-988 78. ^Keegan, John, Second World War, Penguin Books , 1990 {{ISBN|9780140113419}} pages 592-593 79. ^Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900, Lit Verlag, 1999 (on table 1.6 R. J. Rummel lists 169.2 million Democide deaths and 34.0 million war dead from 1900-1987 for a combined total of 203.2 million) 80. ^Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, Transaction Publishers, 1992 (on table 1.1 R. J. Rummel breaks out war dead of 5.2 million for Germany separately from Nazi democide) 81. ^Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, Transaction Publishers, 1992 Table A 82. ^Democide: Nazi Genocide and Mass Murder, Transaction Publishers, 1992 Table A 83. ^Soviet Genocide and Mass Murder since 1917, Transaction Publishers, 1990, Tables 7A and 8A 84. ^Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900, Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 14.1 85. ^Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900, Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 13.1 86. ^Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900, Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 15.1 87. ^Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900, Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 9.1 88. ^Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900, Lit Verlag, 1999 Table 15.1 89. ^Death by Government, Transaction Publishers, 1997 Table 12.1 90. ^Eckhardt, William Wars and War-Related Deaths. 1700-1987,in World Military and Social Expenditures: 1987-1988, ed. Ruth Leger Sivard page 29 91. ^Melvin Small and J. David Singer Resort to Arms: International and Civil Wars, 1816-1980 Sage 1982 page 91 92. ^Quincy Wright A Study of War revised ed University of Chicago Press. 1965 page 1542 93. ^R.J. Rummel.Statistics of Democide: Genocide and Mass Murder since 1900 (1,863,000 in post war expulsions and an additional 1.0 million in wartime flight) 94. ^Alfred M. de Zayas, A terrible Revenge. Palgrave Macmillan, New York (1994); {{ISBN|1-4039-7308-3}}, pp. 152- (2,111,000) 95. ^Charles S. Maier, The Unmasterable Past: History, Holocaust, and German National Identity, Harvard University (1988); {{ISBN|0-674-92975-6}}, pp. 75- (2,000,000) 96. ^Douglas Botting, The Aftermath: Europe (World War II), Time-Life Books (1983); {{ISBN|0-8094-3411-3}}, pp. 21, 81- (2,000,000) 97. ^H.W. Schoenberg, Germans from the East: A Study of their migration, resettlement and subsequent group history, since 1945, Springer, London, Ltd. (1970); {{ISBN|90-247-5044-X}}, pp. 33- (2,225,000) 98. ^Hermann Kinder, Werner Hilgemann & Ernest A. Menze, Anchor Atlas of World History, vol. 2: 1978– (3,000,000) 99. ^Encyclopædia Britannica: 1992– (2,384,000) 100. ^Kurt Glaser & Stephan Possony, Victims of Politics (1979) – (2,111,000) 101. ^Sir John Keegan, The Second World War, 1989 - (3.1 million including 1.0 million during wartime flight) 102. ^Steffen Prauser and Arfon Rees, The Expulsion of German Communities from Eastern Europe at the end of the Second World War, European University Institute, Florence. HEC No. 2004/1. pp. 4- (2,000,000) 103. ^1 George C Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War : 1 July 1939-30 June 1945. Washington, DC : Center of Military History, 1996. Page 202 104. ^George C Marshall, Biennial reports of the Chief of Staff of the United States Army to the Secretary of War : 1 July 1939-30 June 1945. Washington, DC : Center of Military History, 1996. Page 61 105. ^Imperial War Museum- German and Italian Prisoners of War in the United Kingdom Click on "read more" 106. ^Ishikida, Miki (2005). Toward Peace: War Responsibility, Postwar Compensation, and Peace Movements and Education in Japan. Universe, Inc. (July 13, 2005). p. 30. (figures of Japanese Ministry of Health and Welfare) 107. ^Metropolitan Life Insurance Company, Statistical bulletin January 1946 Page 7 108. ^Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. Page 72 109. ^Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. 110. ^1 Wirtschaft und Statistik November 1949, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German Federal Statistical Office) 111. ^The Statistisches Jahrbuch für die Bundesrepublik Deutschland 1960, Page 78 112. ^Hans Sperling, Die Luftkriegsverluste während des zweiten Weltkriegs in Deutschland, Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, journal published by Statistisches Bundesamt Deutschland. (German government Statistical Office) 113. ^Erich Hampe "Der Zivile Luftschutz im Zweiten Weltkrieg" pp.138-142 114. ^Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50.Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 p. 14 115. ^>United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Summary Report 116. ^>'United States Strategic Bombing Survey, Effects of Strategic Bombing on the German War Economy pages 13 and 136 117. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=6jk4LBKB7I0C&pg=PA475&lpg=PA475&dq=us+medical+branch+strategic+bombing+survey+422,000&source=bl&ots=Oy53QLsTkg&sig=FGezXNZv8iOgXNBERJ1MhylmmhI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yRNcT9jQG-7J0AGA3ZzdDw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=us%20medical%20branch%20strategic%20bombing%20survey%20422%2C000&f=false Germany and the Second World War, Volume 9, Part 1 Page 475 By Germany (West). Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt] 118. ^>United States Strategic Bombing Survey, The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany, P. 13 119. ^[https://books.google.com/books?id=6jk4LBKB7I0C&pg=PA475&lpg=PA475&dq=us+medical+branch+strategic+bombing+survey+422,000&source=bl&ots=Oy53QLsTkg&sig=FGezXNZv8iOgXNBERJ1MhylmmhI&hl=en&sa=X&ei=yRNcT9jQG-7J0AGA3ZzdDw&ved=0CDYQ6AEwAg#v=onepage&q=us%20medical%20branch%20strategic%20bombing%20survey%20422%2C000&f=false Germany and the Second World War, Volume 9, Part 1 Page 475 By Germany (West). Militärgeschichtliches Forschungsamt] 120. ^>United States Strategic Bombing Survey, The Effect of Bombing on Health and Medical Care in Germany, pp. 11-13 121. ^1 2 Richard Overy, The Bombers and the Bombed: Allied Air War Over Europe 1940-1945 (2014) pp 304-7 122. ^>United States Strategic Bombing Survey,Civilian Defense Division final report. pp. 3-4 123. ^1 Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005. (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily)]] 124. ^Das Deutsche Reich und der Zweite Weltkrieg, Bd. 9/1, {{ISBN|3-421-06236-6}}. p. 460 125. ^1 {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vAzgsCDUky0C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Peter+Antill,+Peter+Dennis,+Berlin+1945:+end+of+the+Thousand+Year+Reich&hl=en&ei=dK25TJWtLoWKlwfp_I25DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCoQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=22%2C000&f=false |title=Peter Antill, Peter Dennis, Berlin 1945: end of the Thousand Year Reich ISBN 1-84176-915-0 Page 85 |publisher=Books.google.com |date= |accessdate=2011-06-15}} 126. ^1 German Federal Archive, Siegel, Silke Vertreibung und Vertreibungsverbrechen 1945-1948. Bericht des Bundesarchivs vom 28. Mai 1974. Archivalien und ausgewählte Erlebnisberichte. Bonn 1989 127. ^Germany reports. With an introd. by Konrad Adenauer. Germany (West). Presse- und Informationsamt. Wiesbaden, Distribution: F. Steiner, 1961] Page 32 128. ^{{cite web|last1=German Federal Archive|title=Euthanasie im Dritten Reich|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/DE/Content/Artikel/Ueber-uns/Aus-unserer-Arbeit/euthanasie-im-dritten-reich.html|website=Bundesarchiv-German Federal Archive|publisher=German Federal Archive|accessdate=4 March 2018}} 129. ^{{cite web|title=Quellen zur Geschichte der “Euthanasie”-Verbrechen 1939-1945 in deutschen und österreichischen Archiven.|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/geschichte_euthanasie/Inventar_euth_doe.pdf|publisher=bundesarchiv.|accessdate=3 March 2018}}"der Zahl von200.000 Ermordungen zu rechnen ist" the number murdered is calculated at 200,000 130. ^Kai Cornelius, Vom spurlosen Verschwindenlassen zur Benachrichtigungspflicht bei Festnahmen, BWV Verlag, 2004, p.126, {{ISBN|3-8305-1165-5}} 131. ^Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 132. ^Herausforderung Bevölkerung: zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar, "Bevölkerungsbilanzen und Vertreibungsverluste". Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 {{ISBN|978-3-531-15556-2}} 133. ^DRüdiger Overmans (de). Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. (A parallel Polish translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994 134. ^Wirtschaft und Statistik April 1950 135. ^Bundesministerium für Vertriebene, Dokumentation der Vertreibung der Deutschen aus Ost-Mitteleuropa Vol. 1-5, Bonn, 1954-1961 136. ^Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 See pages 102, 143,174,323 381 137. ^1 2 Rüdiger Overmans- Personelle Verluste der deutschen Bevölkerung durch Flucht und Vertreibung. (A parallel Polish summary translation was also included, this paper was a presentation at an academic conference in Warsaw Poland in 1994), Dzieje Najnowsze Rocznik XXI-1994 138. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} 139. ^1 2 Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Springer 2009: {{ISBN|978-3-531-16152-5}} 140. ^Herausforderung Bevölkerung : zu Entwicklungen des modernen Denkens über die Bevölkerung vor, im und nach dem Dritten Reich Ingo Haar, Bevölkerungsbilanzen" und "Vertreibungsverluste. Zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte der deutschen Opferangaben aus Flucht und Vertreibung Verlag für Sozialwissenschaften 2007 {{ISBN|978-3-531-15556-2}} 141. ^Ingo Haar, Die Deutschen "Vertreibungsverluste –Zur Entstehung der "Dokumentation der Vertreibung - Tel Aviver Jahrbuch, 2007, Tel Aviv : Universität Tel Aviv, Fakultät für Geisteswissenschaften, Forschungszentrum für Geschichte ; Gerlingen [Germany] : Bleicher Verlag 142. ^Hans Henning Hahn and Eva Hahn : Die Vertreibung im deutschen Erinnern. Legenden, Mythos, Geschichte. Paderborn 2010, {{ISBN|978-3-506-77044-8}} Pages 659-726 143. ^Christoph Bergner, Secretary of State in Germany's Bureau for Inner Affairs, outlines the stance of the respective governmental institutions in Deutschlandfunk on 29 November 2006, 144. ^Hubert, Michael, Deutschland im Wandel. Geschichte der deutschen Bevolkerung seit 1815 Steiner, Franz Verlag 1998 {{ISBN|3-515-07392-2}} p. 272 145. ^1 Marschalck, Peter. Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert, Suhrkamp 1984. 146. ^Wirtschaft und Statistik October 1956, figure includes 3,760,000 military dead and missing; Civilian deaths: 410,000 in air war; 20,000 in military campaign and 1,260,000 expellee deaths east of the Oder Neisse line 147. ^ |Willi Kammerer; Anja Kammerer- Narben bleiben die Arbeit der Suchdienste - 60 Jahre nach dem Zweiten Weltkrieg Berlin Dienststelle 2005. (Published by the Search Service of the German Red Cross. The foreword to the book was written by German President Horst Köhler and the German interior minister Otto Schily} 148. ^Marschalck, Peter. Bevölkerungsgeschichte Deutschlands im 19. und 20. Jahrhundert- Suhrkamp 1984 149. ^Bruno. Gleitze, Deutschlands Bevölkerungsverluste durch den Zweiten Weltkrieg, „Vierteljahrshefte zur Wirtschaftsforschung” 1953, s. 375-384 Gleitze estimated 400,000 excess deaths during the war and 800,000 in post war Germany 150. ^Alan S. Milward, The Reconstruction of Western Europe 151. ^Rüdiger Overmans. Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}} Page 335 152. ^Rüdiger Overmans Soldaten hinter Stacheldraht. Deutsche Kriegsgefangene des Zweiten Weltkriege. Ullstein Taschenbuch vlg., 2002 153. ^Gregory Frumkin. Population Changes in Europe Since 1939, Geneva 1951. Page 4 154. ^Austria facts and Figures Page 44 155. ^Die deutschen Vertreibungsverluste. Bevölkerungsbilanzen für die deutschen Vertreibungsgebiete 1939/50. Herausgeber: Statistisches Bundesamt - Wiesbaden. - Stuttgart: Verlag W. Kohlhammer, 1958 156. ^Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}}, p. 265 157. ^1 German President Horst Köhler, Speech on September 2, 2006 {{cite web|url=http://www.warschau.diplo.de/contentblob/1734030/Daten/126383/Koehler_BdV_2906.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-05-27 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121202034858/http://www.warschau.diplo.de/contentblob/1734030/Daten/126383/Koehler_BdV_2906.pdf |archivedate=2012-12-02 |df= }} 158. ^Wolfgang Benz: Feindbild und Vorurteil: Beiträge über Ausgrenzung und Verfolgung. Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag, 1996, {{ISBN|3-423-04694-5}}, S. 139 159. ^Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Zur Geschichte der deutschen Bevölkerungswissensch: Ingo Haar Die deutschen ›Vertreibungsverluste‹ – Forschungsstand, Kontexte und Probleme, in Ursprünge, Arten und Folgen des Konstrukts "Bevölkerung" vor, im und nach dem "Dritten Reich" Springer 2009: {{ISBN|978-3-531-16152-5}} Page 373 160. ^{{cite news| url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/merkel-ally-quits-after-claiming-nazis-didnt-start-war-2076379.html | location=London | work=The Independent | first=Tony | last=Paterson |title = Merkel ally quits after claiming Nazis didn't start war |date=September 11, 2010}} 161. ^Centre Against Expulsions, foundation website, "Our Foundation" {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090801185047/http://www.z-g-v.de/english/aktuelles/?id=34 |date=2009-08-01 }} 162. ^Rüdiger Overmans, Deutsche militärische Verluste im Zweiten Weltkrieg. Oldenbourg 2000. {{ISBN|3-486-56531-1}}, pages 284-292 163. ^Bischoff, Gunter; Ambrose, Stephen (1992), "Introduction", in Bischoff, Gunter; Ambrose, Stephen, Eisenhower and the German POWs, New York: Louisiana State University Press, {{ISBN|0-8071-1758-7}} 164. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.volksbund.de/en/volksbund.html|title=Volksbund Deutsche Kriegsgräberfürsorge e. V.|work=volksbund.de}} 165. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.spiegel.de/international/germany/germany-tracing-its-war-dead-from-world-war-ii-a-832063.html|title=Germany Still Locates 40,000 War Casualties a Year|work=Spiegel|date=8 May 2012}} 2 : German casualties of World War II|Military history of Germany during World War II |
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