“German submarine U-46 (1938)”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

German submarine U-46 was a Type VIIB U-boat of Nazi Germany's Kriegsmarine during World War II. She had a highly successful career during the war.

Design

German Type VIIB submarines were preceded by the shorter Type VIIA submarines. U-46 had a displacement of {{convert|753|t|LT}} when at the surface and {{convert|857|t|LT}} while submerged.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}} She had a total length of {{convert|66.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a pressure hull length of {{convert|48.80|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a beam of {{convert|6.20|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, a height of {{convert|9.50|m|ftin|abbr=on}}, and a draught of {{convert|4.74|m|ftin|abbr=on}}. The submarine was powered by two Germaniawerft F46 four-stroke, six-cylinder supercharged diesel engines producing a total of {{convert|2800 to 3200|PS|kW shp|-1}} for use while surfaced, two BBC GG UB 720/8 double-acting electric motors producing a total of {{convert|750|PS|kW shp}} for use while submerged. She had two shafts and two {{convert|1.23|m|ft|abbr=on|0}} propellers. The boat was capable of operating at depths of up to {{convert|230|m}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}}

The submarine had a maximum surface speed of {{convert|17.9|kn}} and a maximum submerged speed of {{convert|8|kn}}.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}} When submerged, the boat could operate for {{convert|90|nmi}} at {{convert|4|kn}}; when surfaced, she could travel {{convert|8700|nmi}} at {{convert|10|kn}}. U-46 was fitted with five {{convert|53.3|cm|in|0|abbr=on}} torpedo tubes (four fitted at the bow and one at the stern), fourteen torpedoes, one {{convert|8.8|cm|in|2|abbr=on}} SK C/35 naval gun, 220 rounds, and an anti-aircraft gun. The boat had a complement of between forty-four and sixty.{{sfn|Gröner|1991|pp=43–44}}

Service history

Sohler replaced by Endrass

On 13 April 1940 during the battles around Narvik, Norway U-46 was depth charged and severely damaged by British destroyers supporting {{HMS|Warspite|03|6}}.^[1] Sohler eventually commanded U-46 for six war patrols, but failed to score any successes against enemy shipping. He was removed from command on 21 May 1940 and was replaced by Engelbert Endrass the following day. Endrass had been Günther Prien's First Officer aboard {{GS|U-47|1938|2}} when they had infiltrated Scapa Flow and sunk the battleship {{HMS|Royal Oak|08|6}}. U-46 was to be his first command.{{sfn|Busch, Röll|1999|p=62}}

Initial successes

Endrass left Kiel on 1 June to patrol the North Sea and into the Atlantic. He was immediately successful, on 6 June U-46 scored her first kill, the armed merchant cruiser {{RMS|Carinthia|1925|2}}. Endrass followed this up with the Finnish merchant ship SS Margareta on 9 June. On 11 June he damaged MV Athelprince; the following day he sank SS Barbara Marie and SS Willowbank. His final kill was the Greek SS Elpis on 17 June. U-46 returned to Kiel on 1 July after 31 days at sea, during which five ships had been sunk for 35,347 tons and another for 8,782 tons, had been damaged.^[1]

On 27 August U-46 sank the armed merchant cruiser {{HMS|Dunvegan Castle}}, followed by SS Ville de Hasselt on 31 August, SS Thornlea on 2 September and SS Luimneach, an Irish steamship sailing under a neutral flag, on 4 September. There are differences in the accounts given by the captains. Endrass claimed that Captain Eric Jones and his crew "lost their heads completely" at the shot across the bows from his U-boat.^[3] Jones was an experienced captain. The Luimneach had survived twelve aerial attacks during the Spanish Civil War. Following an inquiry on 4 March 1941, Dönitz concluded that the U-boat acted correctly in sinking an abandoned ship.^[4] U-46 returned to Lorient on the French Atlantic coast on 6 September, having sunk five ships for 29,883 tons and damaged another for 6,189 tons.^[1]

Convoy interception

Her next patrol from Saint Nazaire (also in France), only lasted seven days but claimed two ships sunk on 26 September, SS Coast Wings and SS Siljan for a combined total of 3,920 tons. U-46 sailed again on 13 October. During this patrol she was involved in wolfpack attacks against the inbound convoys SC 7 and HX 79. She sank SS Beatus, SS Convallaria and SS Gunborg from SC 7 on 18 October and SS Ruperra and SS Janus from HX 79 on 19 October and 20 October respectively. On 25 October U-46 was attacked by three Lockheed Hudsons of No. 233 Squadron RAF, fatally wounding one of the crew. U-46 put into Kiel on 29 October after 17 days at sea, during which she had sunk 22,966 tons of shipping.^[1]

Her next patrol took her from Kiel on 12 February 1941 to St. Nazaire where she arrived on 4 March after 21 days at sea, during which she had not attacked any ships. Her next patrol was more successful. On 29 March SS Liguria was sunk, followed by SS Castor on 31 March and SS British Reliance on 2 April. SS Alderpool was damaged on 3 April; U-46 returned to port, having sunk three ships for 17,465 tons and damaged another for 4,313 tons. The next patrol damaged SS Ensis on 8 June and sank SS Phidias on 9 June. The damaged Ensis had rammed her attacker, damaging U-46’s conning tower and periscope, the patrol was aborted. Endrass carried out his last patrol with U-46 from 26 July until 26 August but did not attack any ships.^[1]

Withdrawal from active service and scuttling

After Endrass left the boat on 24 September, U-46 was designated as a training boat with the 26th U-boat Flotilla. She came under a number of commanders: Peter-Ottmar Grau, Konstantin von Puttkamer, Kurt Neubert, Ernst von Witzendorff, Franz Saar, Joachim Knecht and Erich Jewinski, and was moved to the 24th U-boat Flotilla in April 1942. She was decommissioned at Neustadt in October 1943.{{sfn|Gröner|1985|p=84}}

As the end of the war approached, she was scuttled on 4 May 1945 in Kupfermühlen Bay.^[1] She had sunk 20 merchant ships for a total of {{GRT|85,792|link=off}}, two auxiliary warships for a total of {{GRT|35,284|link=off}} and damaged another five ships, one of which was later written off.

Wolfpacks

Summary of raiding history

References

Notes

1. ^¹²³⁴⁵⁶{{Cite web |url=http://uboat.net/boats/u46.htm |title=The Type VIIB boat U-46 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=8 December 2014}}
2. ^{{cite web |url=http://uboat.net/allies/merchants/ships/470.html |title=Leonidas M. Valmas |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=2014-12-01}}
3. ^{{cite book |last=Robertson |first=Terence |year=1977 |origyear=1956 |title=Night raider of the Atlantic |location=|publisher=Dutton |isbn=978-0-345-27103-7 |page=85}}
4. ^{{cite book |last=Forde |first=Frank |year=2000 |origyear=1981 |title=The Long Watch |location=Dublin |publisher=New Island |isbn=1-902602-42-0 |pages=66–69}}
5. ^Merchant ship tonnages are in gross register tons. Military vessels are listed by tons displacement.
6. ^{{cite web |title=Ships hit by U-46 |last=Helgason |first=Guðmundur |url=http://uboat.net/boats/successes/u46.html |website=German U-boats of WWII - uboat.net |accessdate=5 August 2016}}