| 词条 | Geweer M. 95 | |||||
| 释义 |
|name= Geweer M. 95 | image= Dutch Mannlicher M1895 rifle.jpg | image_size = 300 |caption= Geweer Model 1895 |origin= Austria-Hungary |type= Service rifle, Bolt-action rifle |is_ranged= yes |service= 1895–1940 |used_by= Netherlands Nazi Germany Empire of Japan[1] Indonesia[1] |wars= Aceh War Dutch intervention in Bali (1906) World War I World War II Indonesian National Revolution{{Citation needed|date=April 2017}} |designer= Otto Schönauer and Ferdinand Mannlicher |design_date= 1895 |manufacturer= Steyr Mannlicher Hembrug Zaandam |unit_cost= |production_date= 1895–1940 |number= approx. 470,000 |variants= See Variants |spec_label= |weight= {{convert|4.35|kg|lb|abbr=on}} |length= {{convert|1290|mm|in|abbr=on}} |part_length= {{convert|790|mm|in|abbr=on}} |cartridge= 6.5×53mmR .303 British[1] 7.7×58mm Arisaka[1] |action= Bolt-action |rate= |velocity={{convert|742|m/s|ft/s|abbr=on}} |range= up to {{convert|400|m|yd|abbr=on}} |max_range= |feed= 5-round en-bloc clip |sights= }} The Geweer M. 95, also known to collectors as the Dutch Mannlicher, was the service rifle of the Armed forces of the Netherlands between 1895 and 1940 which replaced the obsolete Beaumont-Vitali M1871/88. At first it was produced by Steyr for the Dutch, but after 1904, production took place under license at Hembrug Zaandam in the Netherlands. Although often regarded as being based on the earlier Mannlicher 1893 Model, the rifle is in fact a modification of the Mannlicher rifle by August Schriever and the Dutch rifle commission[2]. Both Dutch and Romanian rifles fired the same rimmed 6.5×53 mmR cartridge often referred to as "Romanian" or "Dutch 6.5". The Dutch issued about 470,000 M.95s. Its cartridge also saw limited success as a sporting round, including use by the elephant hunter W. D. M. Bell. HistoryIn the 1880s, two important developments took place that disrupted the current armament paradigm: the adoption of repeating (i.e. magazine) rifles, and the invention of smokeless gunpowder. On 23 February 1886, the Dutch Minister of War appointed a "commission for the purpose of evaluating the rifle question", which was tasked with gathering information on the new system of repeating rifles. As the matter of finding a new rifle was regarded a long term goal, the immediate adoption of a magazine rifle was also considered. By 1888, the Dutch Beaumont rifle was modified with a 4-round Vitali magazine, to serve as an interim solution to "the rifle question". With regards to adopting a new rifle, the commission utilised two principles: The rifle had to have been adopted or at least been considered for adoption by other nations, and the commission would focus on the barrel, bolt, and cartridge of the system. A further question was the inclusion of a magazine cut-off device, allowing the weapon to be used as a single-shot rifle, much like the Beaumont-Vitali M71/88 just adopted. In 1890, the chief of the General Staff and the Inspector of the Infantry allowed the commission to ignore the magazine cut-off function, allowing the rifle to be a "pure" repeater. Nine rifles using a clip system of loading were trialled: the Austrian Mannlicher 1886, the Italian Vinci rifle, a so-called Bergman rifle, a Belgian Nagant rifle, an improved Belgian Pieper rifle, the Krag–Jørgensen rifle, a Swiss Frey rifle made by the Neuhausen factory, the German 1888 rifle, and an improved Mannlicher rifle of the August Schriever factory of Liége, Belgium. The latter had his own firearms factory, in addition to being an agent of the Oesterrreichishe Waffenfabriks Gesellschaft Steyr. Some rifles were immediately disqualified: The Vinci rifle was provided with too little ammunition for testing; the German rifle was provided without any ammunition at all. It was recommended to create a rifle from the best elements of those rifles provided, with the August Schriever Mannlicher rifle being the preferred base rifle. At the final moment however, the Nagant firm submitted a new and improved rifle, using a Mauser style stripper clip. It was thus decided to trial both rifles, and by the end of November 1890, both manufacturers were asked to provide the necessary rifles for a large scale trial. Both manufacturers agreed to provide the rifles, at the exorbitant price of 155 Dutch guilders. Following further small scale trials, the commission decided to focus on three rifles: the German 1888, the August Schriever modified Mannlicher, and the Nagant rifle. As ammunition for the German 1888 was finally acquired in December 1890, the weapon was subjected to trials, and subsequently removed from consideration: it was possible to cause a double-feed with the German 1888 rifle, resulting in the tip of the rear cartridge's bullet hitting the chambered cartridge's primer, with catastrophic results. Although the commission initially focused on a calibre of 7.5 to 8 millimetres, a Schriever rifle with an Italian barrel chambered for 6.5 mm was also trialled. As the commission concluded no downsides to the 6.5 cartridge in comparison to a trialled 7.65mm cartridge, 6.5mm was given preference due to its lower weight. As the Mannlicher style of loading was preferred, the matter was almost settled, with the Schriever modified Mannlicher being the preferred candidate. In March 1892, a draft contract for 100 rifles was submitted to the Minister of War for his approval. At this moment, the issue of carry method was raised. Was the weapon to be carried with slings, and if so, how? After deciding on a German style of sling and sling attachment, the question of a hand guard was raised. Following small changes to the stock and barrel bands, this issue too was settled. Finally, small adjustments were made to the sight and other small parts, until the weapon was officially designated the Geweer M.95 on 4 December 1895. [2] The rifle remained in colonial service at least to 1955, where it was in use by the police force of Suriname. VariantsNine variants were produced, these were largely carbines differing only in sling swivels. These included :
Around 1930, new models (Nieuw Model) of the No.1, No.2, No.3 and No.4 were introduced. In 1936 a shorter No.5 carbine model was introduced. It was a Geweer M95 cut down to carbine size. The first 9,500 were issued to field artillery and anti-aircraft artillery. A total 35,500 were rebuilt in all. Beutewaffen designationsAfter the Germans occupied the Netherlands, its captured weapons (beutewaffen) were cataloged for German use. G stands for Gewehr ("Rifle"), Gr. G stands for Graben-Gewehr ("Trench Rifle"), K stands for Karabiner ("Carbine"), and (h) stands for holländisch ("Dutch").
The No.2 carbine was not classified because few, if any, were captured. The No.5 carbine was classified as a Geweer M95. GalleryReferences{{Commons category|Dutch Mannlicher}}1. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=John Walter|title=Rifles of the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Eq2Dnj4sDZIC&pg=PA270|date=25 March 2006|publisher=Krause Publications|isbn=0-89689-241-7|pages=270–}} {{Steyr Mannlicher}}{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2017}}2. ^1 Nederlandse Vuurwapens: Landmacht en Luchtvaartafdeling, drs G. de Vries & drs B.J. Martens, p.40-56 3. ^Nederlandse Vuurwapens: Landmacht en Luchtvaartafdeling, drs G. de Vries & drs B.J. Martens, p.75 4. ^{{cite book|title=Royal Netherlands East Indies Army 1936–42|series=Men-at-Arms 521|first=Marc|last= Lohnstein |date=23 Aug 2018|isbn=9781472833754 |page=20|url=https://books.google.fr/books?id=U2dkDwAAQBAJ|publisher=Osprey Publishing}} 3 : Bolt-action rifles|Rifles of the Netherlands|World War II military equipment of the Netherlands |
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