| 词条 | Gigantocypris |
| 释义 |
| name = Gigantocypris | image = Gigantocypris.jpg | image_caption = Preserved specimens at Oxford University Museum | regnum = Animalia | phylum = Arthropoda | subphylum = Crustacea | classis = Ostracoda | ordo = Myodocopida | familia = Cypridinidae | genus = Gigantocypris | genus_authority = Skogsberg, 1920 [1] | subdivision_ranks = Species | subdivision = See text }}Gigantocypris is a genus of ostracod crustaceans in family Cypridinidae,[1] and probably the most famous ostracod in the world (together with Vargula hilgendorfii).[2] Its members are extremely large for ostracods, measuring up to {{convert|3.2|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} across,[3] have a globular shape, are typically semi-transparent orange or reddish, and have relatively large mirror-like eyes that are used to locate their small animal prey.[4][5] They are found worldwide in dark, deep and cold oceans.[6] Range and habitatGigantocypris are ubiquitous in open oceans around the world, ranging from tropical to polar regions.[4][7][8] Although locally abundant,[4] the distributions of the individual species are often not well known.[6] G. dracontovalis is found worldwide, mostly deeper than the other species.[4][9] G. agassizii is essentially a widespread Pacific species, and G. muelleri a widespread Atlantic and Southern Ocean species, but there are also a few possible records of the former in the Atlantic, and a few records of the latter in the Pacific and Indian oceans.[6][8] G. australis and G. danae are only known from the Southwestern Pacific and Western Indian Ocean, respectively.[6]Gigantocypris have been reported at depths between {{convert|150|and(-)|3500|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[5][6] They are typically found from {{convert|600|to(-)|2300|m|ft|abbr=on}}.[6][8] There are indications that young tend to occur shallower than adults.[8] They live in water that is dark (below the sunlight zone) and cold, less than {{convert|15|C|F|abbr=on}},[5] with most records between about {{convert|2|and(-)|5|C|F|abbr=on}}.[6] In water that is {{convert|15|C|F|abbr=on}} or warmer, their swimming becomes weak and erratic.[5]Appearance and behaviorGigantocypris include the largest ostracods, at up to {{convert|3.2|cm|in|1|abbr=on}} across.[3] The largest are G. agassizii and G. australis.[8][10] Another relatively large species is G. muelleri, which reaches up to {{convert|2|cm|in|1|abbr=on}},[11] but typically is about {{convert|1.0-1.8|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}, with Southern Ocean individuals averaging largest.[8] The smallest species, such as G. dracontovalis, typically reach {{convert|0.8-1.2|cm|in|1|abbr=on}}.[4][9][12] Females grow larger than males.[5][12]Their body is suspended within a semi-translucent, globular carapace.[6] Depending on the exact species, living individuals typically are orange, orange-red or violet-red,[4][13] but they can also be colourless.[8] Specimens preserved in alcohol become whitish.[2] They are fragile with a watery body that often is damaged when collected for scientific studies.[4][8][12] They have a water content of about 95%, far above that reported for other crustaceans and more similar to jellyfish.[14]Despite living in the darkness below the sunlight zone, they are equipped with a pair of large eyes which, rather than using lenses to focus light onto a retina, use parabolic mirrors.[15] The parabolic mirror eyes typically have a diameter of about {{convert|3|mm|in|abbr=on}}, look out through transparent sections of the carapace,[16] and appear silvery or golden in colour.[8][12] Their eyes are the most elaborate known from ostracods,[17] and are better at gathering light than the eyes of any other animal (although the resolution of the image produced by the eyes likely is poor).[16][18] It is thought that Gigantocypris use them to find bioluminescent prey animals.[2] They are known to feed on other ostracods, copepods, arrow worms and small fish (primarily fish larvae).[5][13][19] Exactly how they catch their prey is unclear, but studies show that the outer part of their mandibles can be extended out through the slit (opening) of their globular carapace.[5] Gigantocypris swim by "rowing" with two featherlike antennae, each with nine long setae.[5][13] Another pair of long antennae, believed to be used for sensing, extend out in front of the animal when swimming.[5] Both their swimming and sensing antennae can be retracted into the globular carapace through its slit.[5] They have a near-neutral buoyancy (marginally negative, sinking) and are able to swim smoothly (not in jerks) at a relatively high speed, indicating that they are active predators.[5] It is speculated that their relatively large heart—the largest among ostracods in both total and relative size—supports their active behavior, as well as their large eyes.[5] When brought to the ocean surface, they have a slightly positive (floating) buoyancy, and their swimming is highly unstable and tumbling, but they are able to re-adjust to a near-neutral buoyancy and normal swimming pattern in less than a day.[5] They change their buoyancy by adjusting the sulphate content of their haemolymph.[8] They sometimes fall prey to other animals such as squid,[20] fish like grenadiers and chub mackerels,[21][22] and prions.[23] The female Gigantocypris has a brood pouch, located inside the carapace, in which the eggs and embryos develop. When "born", the young resemble miniature adults.[6] Adult males are uncommon compared to adult females.[6] SpeciesITIS and the World Register of Marine Species recognize six valid species in the genus Gigantocypris.[1][24] One of these, G. pellucida (described simultaneously with G. agassizii, both based on East Pacific specimens[25]), is often not considered valid.[6] In contrast, possibly undescribed species are known, and Atlantic and Southern Ocean G. muelleri may represent separate species.[8]
References1. ^1 2 {{ITIS |id=684182 |taxon=Gigantocypris Skogsberg, 1920 |accessdate=October 13, 2010}} 2. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=http://evolutionarynovelty.blogspot.com/2008/07/ostra-blog-1-gigantocypris.html |title=Ostra-blog 1 – Gigantocypris |date=July 24, 2008 |author=Todd Oakley |work=Evolutionary Novelties}} 3. ^1 {{cite book| author=Deevey, G.B. | year=1968 | title=Pelagic Ostracods of the Sargasso Sea off Bermuda: Description of Species Seasonal and Vertical Distribution | url=https://archive.org/details/biostor-160496 | publisher=Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University | page=12 | volume=26 }} 4. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite web|author=Angel, M.V.|url=http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=ostracods&id=28 |title=Genus Gigantocypris |publisher=Marine Species Identification Portal |accessdate=14 February 2018 }} 5. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 {{cite journal| author= Davenport, J. | year=1990 | title=Observations on swimming, posture and buoyancy in the giant oceanic ostracods, Gigantocypris mulleri and Macrocypridina castanea| journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the UK | volume=70 | issue=1 | pages=43–55 | doi=10.1017/S0025315400034184 }} 6. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite book| author=MacDonald, A.G. | year=1975 | title=Physical Aspects of Deep Sea Biology | publisher=Cambridge University Press | pages=17–19 | isbn=978-0-521-20397-5 }} 7. ^{{cite journal| author= Tibbs, J.F. | year=1965 | title=Observations of Gigantocypris (Crustacea: Ostracoda) in the Antarctic Ocean| journal=Limnology and Oceanography | volume=10 | issue=3 | pages=480–481 | doi=10.4319/lo.1965.10.3.0480 }} 8. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 {{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/atlantic-ostracods/pdfs/gigantocypris-muelleri.pdf |title=Gigantocypris muelleri |publisher=Natural History Museum |accessdate=15 February 2018 }} 9. ^1 {{cite web|author=Angel, M.V.|url=http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=ostracods&id=119 |title=Gigantocypris dracontovalis |publisher=Marine Species Identification Portal |accessdate=14 February 2018 }} 10. ^{{cite journal| author=Poulsen, E.M. | year=1962 | title=Ostracoda - Myodocopa, Part 1: Cypridiniformes - Cypridinidae | journal=Dana-Report | volume=57 | pages=1–414 }} 11. ^{{cite web|author=Angel, M.V.|url=http://species-identification.org/species.php?species_group=ostracods&id=120 |title=Gigantocypris muelleri |publisher=Marine Species Identification Portal |accessdate=14 February 2018 }} 12. ^1 2 3 {{cite web|url=http://www.nhm.ac.uk/resources/research-curation/projects/atlantic-ostracods/pdfs/gigantocypris-dracontovalis.pdf |title=Gigantocypris dracontovalis |publisher=Natural History Museum |accessdate=15 February 2018 }} 13. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?id=779719 |title=Giant ostracod |publisher=Monterey Bay Aquarium |accessdate=December 3, 2009 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718024927/http://www.montereybayaquarium.org/animals/AnimalDetails.aspx?id=779719 |archivedate=July 18, 2011 |df= }} 14. ^{{cite journal| author1=Childress, J.J. | author2=M. Nygaard | year=1974 | title=Chemical composition and buoyancy of midwater crustaceans as function of depth of occurrence off Southern California | journal=Marine Biology | volume=27 | issue=3 | pages=225–238 | doi=10.1007/BF00391948 }} 15. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/458127/photoreception/278821/Concave-mirror-eyes# |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica |title=Concave mirror eyes}} 16. ^1 {{cite book| editor1=Atema, J. | editor2=R.R. Fay | editor3=A.N. Popper | editor4=W.N. Tavolga | year=1987 | title=Sensory Biology of Aquatic Animals | publisher=Springer-Verlag | page=415 | isbn=978-1-4612-3714-3 }} 17. ^{{cite journal| author=Elofsson, R. | year=2006 | title=The frontal eyes of crustaceans | journal=Arthropod Structure & Development | volume=35 | issue=4 | pages=275–291 | doi=10.1016/j.asd.2006.08.004 | pmid=18089076 }} 18. ^{{cite journal| author=Nilsson, D.-E. | year=1990 | title=From cornea to retinal image in invertebrate eyes | journal=Trends in Neurosciences | volume=13 | issue=2 | pages=55–64 | doi=10.1016/0166-2236(90)90069-M }} 19. ^{{cite journal| author1=Moguilevsky, A. | author2=A.J. Gooday | year=1977 | title=Some observations on the vertical distribution and stomach contents of Gigantocypris muelleri Skogsberg 1920 (Ostracoda, Myodocopina) | editor1=H. Löffler | editor2=D. Danielopol | journal=Aspects of Ecology and Zoogeography of Recent and Fossil Ostracoda. Proceedings of the Sixth International Ostracod Symposium | pages=263–270 }} 20. ^{{cite journal| author=Kerr, A.J. | year=1992 | title=The diet of antarctic squid: comparison of conventional and serological gut contents analyses | journal=Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology | volume=156 | issue=2 | pages=161–178 | doi=10.1016/0022-0981(92)90243-4 }} 21. ^{{cite journal| author=Anderson, M.E. | year=2005 | title=Food habits of some deep-sea fish off South Africa's west coast and Agulhas Bank. 1. The grenadiers (Teleostei: Macrouridae) | journal=African Journal of Marine Science | volume=27 | issue=2 | pages=409–425| doi=10.2989/18142320509504100 }} 22. ^{{cite journal| author=Castro, J.J. | year=1993 | title=Feeding ecology of chub mackerel Scomber japonicus in the Canary islands area | journal=South African Journal of Marine Science | volume=31 | issue=1 | pages=323–328| doi=10.2989/025776193784287400 }} 23. ^{{cite journal| author1=Cherel, Y. | author2=P. Bocher | author3=C. De Broyer | author4=K.A. Hobson | year=2002 | title=Food and feeding ecology of the sympatric thin-billed Pachyptila belcheri and Antarctic P. desolata prions at Iles Kerguelen, Southern Indian Ocean | journal=Mar Ecol Prog Ser | volume=228 | pages=263–281 | doi=10.3354/meps228263 }} 24. ^{{cite web |author=David Horne |year=2010 |title=Gigantocypris Skogsberg, 1920 |publisher=World Register of Marine Species |url=http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=127522 |accessdate=September 7, 2011}} 25. ^{{cite journal| author=Müller, G.W. | year=1895 | title=Reports on the Dredging Operations off the West Coast of Central America to the Galapagos, to the West Coast of Mexico, and in the Gulf of California, in charge of Alexander Agassiz, carried on by the U. S. Fish Commission Steamer Albatross, during 1891: XIX. Die Ostracoden | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/85041#page/237/mode/1up | journal=Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College | volume=27 | issue=5 | pages=155–169 }} External links
2 : Myodocopida|Ostracod genera |
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