| 词条 | Japanese ironclad Kōtetsu | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
Her sister ship Cheops was sold to the Prussian Navy, becoming {{SMS|Prinz Adalbert|1865|2}}. OriginsOriginally named Sphynx,[1][2] the ship was built for the Confederate States Navy during the American Civil War. In June 1863 John Slidell, the Confederate commissioner to France, asked Emperor Napoleon III in a private audience if it would be possible for the Confederate government to build ironclad warships in France. Arming ships of war for a recognized belligerent like the Confederate States would have been illegal under French law, but Slidell and Confederate agent James D. Bulloch were confident that the French emperor would be able to circumvent his own laws more easily than could the British government. Napoleon III agreed to the building of ironclads in France on the condition that their destination remain a secret.[3] The following month Bulloch entered a contract with Lucien Arman, an important French shipbuilder and a personal confidant of Napoleon III, to build a pair of ironclad rams capable of breaking the Union blockade. To avoid suspicion, the ships' guns were manufactured separately in England and the ships were named Cheops and Sphynx to encourage rumors that they were intended for the Egyptian Navy.[4] Prior to delivery, however, a shipyard clerk walked into the U.S. Minister's office in Paris and produced documents which revealed that Arman had fraudulently obtained authorization to arm the ships and was in contact with Confederate agents.[5] The French government blocked the sale under pressure from the United States, but Arman was able to sell the ships illegally to Denmark and Prussia, which were then fighting on opposite sides of the Second Schleswig War. Cheops was sold to Prussia as {{SMS|Prinz Adalbert|1865|2}}, while Sphynx was sold to Denmark under the name Stærkodder. Manned by a Danish crew, the ship left Bordeaux for its shakedown cruise on June 21, 1864. The crew tested the vessel while final negotiations were being conducted between the Danish Naval Ministry and L'Arman. Intense haggling over the final price and a disagreement over compensation from Arman for cited problems and late delivery led to negotiations breaking down on October 30. The Danish government refused to relinquish the vessel, claiming confusion in regards to the negotiations.[6][7] American career as CSS StonewallOn January 6, 1865 the vessel took on a Confederate crew at Copenhagen under the command of Captain Thomas Jefferson Page, CSN[8] and was recommissioned CSS Stonewall while still at sea.[6] The arrival of the "formidable" Stonewall in America was dreaded by the Union, and several ships tried to intercept her, among them {{USS|Kearsarge|1861|6}} and {{USS|Sacramento|1862|6}}. Stonewall sprang a leak, however, after picking up supplies and additional crew at Quiberon, Brittany and Captain Page made for Spain in order to undertake repairs. In February and March, {{USS|Niagara|1855|6}} and Sacramento kept watch from a distance as Stonewall lay anchored off A Coruña during February 1865. On March 24 Captain Page put out to sea, challenging the U.S. Navy vessels, which turned and fled, fearful of engaging the ironclad. Finding that the enemy had run, Captain Page steamed for Lisbon, intending to cross the Atlantic Ocean from there and attack at Port Royal, South Carolina, the base of Major General Sherman's attack on South Carolina.[8] Stonewall reached Nassau on May 6, and then sailed on to Havana, Cuba, where Captain Page learned of the war's end. There he decided to turn her over to the Spanish Captain General of Cuba for the sum of $16,000.[9] The vessel was then turned over to United States authorities in return for reimbursement of the same amount.[10] She was temporarily de-commissioned, stationed at a U.S. Navy dock, until she was offered for sale to the Japanese government of the Tokugawa shogunate. Japanese career{{other ships|Japanese ship Azuma}}Kōtetsu was supposed to be delivered to the Tokugawa shogunate in 1868, in order to reinforce the ongoing modernization of its army and navy. US$30,000 had already been paid, and the remaining US$10,000 were to be paid on delivery. When the Boshin War between the shogunate and pro-Imperial forces broke out however, Western powers took a neutral stance, retrieved any military advisors they had in Japan, and stopped the delivery of military material, including the delivery of Kōtetsu to the shogunate. The ship actually arrived under Japanese flag, but US Resident-Minister Robert B. Van Valkenburg ordered her put back under American flag on arrival in Japan under a caretaker crew of the US naval squadron then stationed there.[11]Kōtetsu was finally delivered to the new Meiji government in February 1869. She was immediately put to use and dispatched with seven other steam warships to the northern island of Hokkaidō, to fight the remnant of the Tokugawa forces, who were trying to form an independent Ezo Republic there, with the help of ex-French military advisors. On March 25, 1869, in the Naval Battle of Miyako Bay, Kōtetsu successfully repulsed a surprise night attempt at boarding by the rebel {{ship|Japanese warship|Kaiten||2}} (spearheaded by survivors from the Shinsengumi ), essentially thanks to the presence of a Gatling gun on board. She then participated in the invasion of Hokkaidō and various naval engagements in the Naval Battle of Hakodate Bay. Following the end of the Boshin War, Kōtetsu was renamed Azuma on 7 December 1872. She participated in the suppression of the Saga rebellion and in the Taiwan Expedition in 1874. On 19 August 1874, she ran aground at Kagoshima during a typhoon, but was refloated and repaired at the Yokosuka Naval Arsenal. During the Satsuma Rebellion, she was assigned to guard duties in the Seto Inland Sea. She remained in military service until 1888, when she was turned to non-combat harbor service. Kōtetsu was well-armed with casemated guns, and considered a "formidable" and "unsinkable" ship in her time. She could sustain direct hits without her armour being pierced, and prevail against any wooden warship. In effect, Japan was thus equipped with advanced ironclad warships only ten years after the launch of the first ocean-going ironclad warship in history, the French Navy's Gloire, which was launched in 1859. {{clear}}See also
Notes1. ^Schafer, p. 805. 2. ^Register of ships of the U.S. Navy, 1775–1990: major combatants Karl Jack Bauer, Stephen S. Roberts p.47 [https://books.google.com/books?id=nLgA6pC_-uwC&pg=PA47] 3. ^Case and Spencer, pp. 429–433. 4. ^Case and Spencer, pp. 435–439. 5. ^Case and Spencer, pp. 437–439. 6. ^1 Steensen, Robert Steen. Vore Panserskibe [Our Armoured Vessels]. Marinehistorisk Selskab, Copenhagen, Denmark: 1968. pp. 178–195. Steensen was a former Commander in the Royal Danish Navy. An English translation by Søren Nørby may be found at http://milhist.dk/vabnet/the-armoured-ram-staerkodder/ 7. ^Both the Stærkodder and Stonewall commissionings can be considered valid through international maritime law as illustrated by Captain Thomas J. Page; "customarily, a ship is held to be commissioned when a commissioned officer appointed to her has gone on board of her and hoisted the colors appropriated to the military marines." Page, Thomas J. "The Career of the Confederate Cruiser Stonewall". Southern Historical Society Papers, Volume VII, Number 6. Richmond, Virginia: 1879. Pages 263–280. 8. ^1 Schafer, p.805. 9. ^Schafer, p. 806. 10. ^Letter from William H. Seward to Gideon Wells, July 18, 1865. A copy may be found in the Official Records of the Union and Confederate Navies. Volume 3, page 566. 11. ^Free, Early Japanese Railways 1853–1914: Engineering Triumphs That Transformed Meiji-era Japan, Tuttle Publishing, 2008 ({{ISBN|4805310065}}) at p. 35 References
External links{{commons category|Azuma (ship, 1864)}}
6 : Ironclad warships of the Imperial Japanese Navy|Ironclad warships of the Confederate States Navy|Ships built in France|1864 ships|Victorian-era naval ships of Japan|Ships built by Arman Brothers |
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