| 词条 | Jargon |
| 释义 |
Jargon is a type of language that is used in a particular context and may not be well understood outside that context. The context is usually a particular occupation (that is, a certain trade, profession, vernacular, or academic field), but any in a group can have jargon. The main trait that distinguishes jargon from the rest of a language is special vocabulary—including some words specific to it, and often different senses or meanings of words, that out-groups would tend to take in another sense—therefore misunderstanding that communication attempt. SpecificsJargon is thus "the technical terminology or characteristic idiom of a special activity or group".[2] Most jargon is technical terminology (technical terms), involving terms of art[3] or industry terms, with particular meaning within a specific industry. A main driving force in the creation of technical jargon is precision and efficiency of communication when a discussion must easily range from general themes to specific, finely differentiated details without circumlocution. Jargon enrichess everyday vocabulary with meaningful content and can potentially become a catchword.[4] A side-effect of jargon, a higher threshold for comprehensibility, which is usually accepted as a trade-off but is sometimes even used as a means of social exclusion (reinforcing ingroup-outgroup barriers) or social aspiration (when intended as a way of showing off). Some academics encourage fellow academics to use jargon-free language because it pervades disciplines, history, and different research strategies. When using jargon people tend to become less engaged as they become lost in the technical language.[5] EtymologyThe French word is believed to have been derived from the Latin word {{lang|la|gaggire}}, meaning "to chatter", which was used to describe speech that the listener did not understand.[6] The word may also come from Old French {{lang|fro|jargon}} meaning "chatter of birds".[6] Middle English also has the verb {{lang|enm|jargounen}} meaning "to chatter," or "twittering," deriving from Old French.[7] The first use of the word dates back to the usage of the word in The Canterbury Tales written by Geoffrey Chaucer between 1387 and 1400. Chaucer referred to jargon as the utterance of birds or sounds resembling birds.[7] In colonial history, Jargon was seen as a language tool to bridge the gap between two speakers who did not speak the same tougue. Jargon was synonymous with pidgin in naming specific language usages. Jargon then began to have a negative connotation with lacking grammar, or giberish as it was seen as a "broken" language of many different languages with no full community to call their own. In the 1980s linguists began restricting this usage of Jargon to keep the word to more commonly define a technical or specialized language use.[8] Fields using the termThe term is used, often interchangeably, with the term buzzword[9] when examining organizational culture.[10] In linguistics, it is used to mean "specialist language,"[11] with the term also seen as closely related to slang argot and cant.[12] The use of jargon in language can be used in professional and unprofessional settings.[13] Examples: economics, computing, medical, photography, business, military, politicians, sports, geographical, employee, employer, radio, music, movies, plays, children, adults, professors, students etc.[13] Various kinds of language peculiar to ingroups can be named across a semantic field. Slang can be either culture-wide or known only within a certain group or subculture. Argot is slang or jargon purposely used to obscure meaning to outsiders. Conversely, a lingua franca is used for the opposite effect, helping communicators to overcome unintelligibility, as are pidgins and creole languages. For example, the Chinook Jargon was a pidgin.[14] Although technical jargon's primary purpose is to aid technical communication, not to exclude outsiders by serving as an argot, it can have both effects at once and can provide a technical ingroup with shibboleths. For example, medieval guilds could use this as one means of informal protectionism. On the other hand, jargon that once was obscure outside a small ingroup can become generally known over time. For example, the terms bit, byte, and hexadecimal (which are terms from computing jargon[15]) are now recognized by many people outside computer science. ReferencedThe philosopher Étienne Bonnot de Condillac observed in 1782 that "every science requires a special language because every science has its own ideas". As a rationalist member of the Enlightenment, he continued: "It seems that one ought to begin by composing this language, but people begin by speaking and writing, and the language remains to be composed."[16] Industry term{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2014}}"An industry term... is a type of technical terminology that has a particular meaning in a specific industry. It implies that a word or phrase is a typical one in a particular industry and people working in the respective industry or business will be familiar with and use the term."[17] Precise technical terms and their definitions are formally recognized, documented, and taught by educators in the field. Other terms are more colloquial, coined and used by practitioners in the field, and are similar to slang. The boundaries between formal and slang jargon, as in general English, are quite fluid. This is especially true in the rapidly developing world of computers and networking. For instance, the term firewall (in the sense of a device used to filter network traffic) was at first technical slang. As these devices became more widespread and the term became widely understood, the word was adopted as formal terminology.[18] Technical terminology evolves due to the need for experts in a field to communicate with precision and brevity, but often has the effect of excluding those who are unfamiliar with the particular specialized language of the group. This can cause difficulties as, for example, when a patient is unable to follow the discussions of medical practitioners, and thus cannot understand his own condition and treatment. Differences in jargon also cause difficulties where professionals in related fields use different terms for the same phenomena.[19] In practiceJargon may serve the purpose of a "gatekeeper" in conversation, signaling who is allowed into certain forms of conversation. Jargon may serve this function by dictating to which direction or depth a conversation about or within the context of a certain field or profession will go.[20] For example, a conversation between two professionals in which one person has little previous interaction or knowledge of the other person could go one of at least two possible ways. One of the professionals (who the other professional does not know) does not use, or does not correctly use the jargon of their respective field, and is little regarded or remembered beyond small talk or fairly insignificant in this conversation. Or, if the person does use particular jargon (showing their knowledge in the field to be legitimate, educated, or of particular significance) the other professional then opens the conversation up in an in-depth or professional manner .[20] Positivity of jargonEthos is used to create an appeal to authority. It is one of three pillars of persuasion created by Aristotle to create a logical argument. Ethos uses credibility to back up arguments. It can illuminate the audience to be an insider with using specialized terms in the field to make an argument based on authority and credibility.[21]Jargon can be used to convey meaningful information in a convenient way within communities. It provides communities with cultures and subcultures to understand the meaning of information in a condense form. It is used to convey specific meanings with the use of language creating a discourse. Explaining the same information to one person who is not well-knowledgeable in a field compared to someone who is a person might want to tailor their conversation. To speak with a person in the same community speaking in jargon communicates the information optimally.[22] In exampling this weather a person is a football coach talking to their team in a 1-minute break during a game or a doctor explain to the nurses what item they need in sugury jargon will be used to explaining complicated things within a certain community.[23] Accessibility and criticismWith the rise of the self-advocacy movement within the disability movement, jargonized language has been much objected to by advocates and self-advocates. Jargon is largely present in everyday language, in newspapers, government documents, and official forms. Several advocacy organizations work on influencing public agents to offer accessible information in different formats.[24] One accessible format that offers an alternative to jargonised language is Easy Read, which consists of a combination of plain English and images. The criticism against jargon can be found in certain fields when responding to specific information. In a study done by analyzing 58 patients and 10 Radiation Therapists, they diagnosed and explained the treatment of a disease to a patient with the use of jargon. It was found that using jargon in the Medical field is not the best in communicating the terminology and concepts. Patients tend to be confused about what were the treatments and the risks.[25] There resources include online glossaries of Technical jargon, also known as a "jargon busters."[26] ExamplesMany examples of jargon exist because of its use among specialists and subcultures alike. In the professional world, those who are in the business of filmmaking may use words like "vorkapich" to refer to a montage when talking to colleagues.[27] In Rhetoric, rhetoricians use words like "arete" to refer to a person of power's character when speaking with one another.[28] {{Div col}}
See also{{Div col}}
Notes1. ^{{cite web |title=Jargon - Definition and Examples of Jargon |url=https://literarydevices.net/jargon/ |website=Literary Devices |accessdate=22 February 2019 |date=19 February 2014}} 2. ^{{cite web |title=Jargon |url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jargon |work=Merriam Webster |publisher=Merriam-Webster |accessdate=29 March 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6FTtjox9D?url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/jargon |archivedate=29 March 2013 |deadurl=yes |df= }} 3. ^{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Term of art}} 4. ^{{cite book |last1=Wodak |first1=Ruth |title=Language, Power and Ideology: Studies in political discourse |date=1989 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=9789027286055 |pages=1–288 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=Y-pFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PR1&dq=jargon+language#v=snippet&q=jargon%20&f=true |language=en}} 5. ^{{cite journal |last1=Ross |first1=Steven |title=Jargon and the Crisis of Readability: Methodology, Language, and the Future of Film History |journal=Cinema Journal |date=2014 |volume=44 |issue=1 |pages=130–133 |jstor=3661180 |doi=10.1353/cj.2004.0052 }} 6. ^1 {{cite web|url=https://www.etymonline.com/word/jargon|title=Jargon|work=Online Etymology Dictionary|accessdate=April 28, 2018}} 7. ^1 {{cite web |last1=Martinuzzi |first1=Bruna |title=The History of Jargon |url=https://www.americanexpress.com/en-us/business/trends-and-insights/articles/the-history-of-jargon/ |website=American Express |publisher=American Express Company |accessdate=22 February 2019}} 8. ^{{cite web |last1=Mufwene |first1=Salikoko Sangol |title=Jargon {{!}} linguistics |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jargon-linguistics |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |publisher=Encyclopaedia Britannica |accessdate=22 February 2019 |language=en}} 9. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=eQ9UAQAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=editions:xjw1HfQuPYAC | title=Management Fads and Buzzwords: Critical-Practical Perspectives| isbn=9781136295089| last1=Collins| first1=David| date=2013-10-11}} 10. ^Martin, J. and Frost, P., 2011. The organizational culture war games. Sociology of Organizations: Structures and relationships, 315. 11. ^https://books.google.ca/books id=tppMDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA18&dq=linguistics+jargon+definition&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwjmw7aZ5ongAhUJ34MKHScfB9wQ6AEIRTAE 12. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=4Xdv4FTyXfkC&pg=PP7&dq=linguistics+jargon+definition | title=Slang: The People's Poetry| isbn=9780199986538| last1=Adams| first1=Michael| date=2012-09-01}} 13. ^1 {{cite web |title=plainlanguage.gov {{!}} Keep It Jargon-free |url=https://www.plainlanguage.gov/resources/articles/keep-it-jargon-free/ |website=www.plainlanguage.gov}} 14. ^{{Cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/jargon-linguistics | title=Jargon | linguistics}} 15. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.criminalbrief.com/?p=10866| title=Buzzwords– bang * splat !| last=Lundin|first=Leigh| date=2009-12-31| publisher=Criminal Brief|work=Don Martin School of Software}} 16. ^Quoted by Fernand Braudel, in discussing the origins of capital, capitalism, in The Wheels of Commerce, vol. II of Civilization and Capitalism, 15th–18th Century, 1979:234. Originally found in Condillac's work Le Commerce et le gouvernement considérés relativement l'un à l'autre (1776). 17. ^{{cite journal |url=https://www.questia.com/library/journal/1P3-4061994981/challenges-and-perspectives-in-teaching-specialised |last1=Peterlicean |first1=Andrea |title=Challenges and perspectives in teaching specialised languages|journal=The Journal of Linguistic and Intercultural Education|date=2015|volume=8|pages=149–162 |accessdate=18 January 2017}} 18. ^{{cite web |last1=Monografias.com |first1=jaimemontoya |title=Technical Terminology - Monografias.com |url=https://www.monografias.com/trabajos43/technical-terminology/technical-terminology.shtml |website=www.monografias.com |accessdate=22 February 2019 |language=es}} 19. ^{{cite web |last1=Jirtle |first1=James |title=Words in English :: Usage |url=https://www.ruf.rice.edu/~kemmer/Words04/usage/index.html |website=www.ruf.rice.edu |publisher=2003, James Jirtle |accessdate=22 February 2019}} 20. ^1 {{Citation|last=Campbell|first=Gordon|chapter=Jargon|date=2014-01-22|publisher=Oxford University Press|doi=10.1093/gao/9781884446054.article.t2072529|title=Oxford Art Online}} 21. ^{{cite web |title=Ethos |url=https://philosophyterms.com/ethos/ |website=Philosophy Terms |date=1 December 2015}} 22. ^{{cite web |last1=Boggs |first1=Colleen Glenney |title=In Defense of Jargon |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/colleen-glenney-boggs/jargon_b_2200413.html |website=Huffington Post |accessdate=1 March 2019 |date=27 November 2012}} 23. ^{{cite web |last1=Dodge |first1=Amanda |title=The Pros and Cons of Using Jargon |url=https://www.copypress.com/blog/the-pros-and-cons-of-using-jargon/ |website=Copypress |accessdate=1 March 2019 |date=23 August 2013}} 24. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.northampton.gov.uk/info/200041/equality_and_diversity/1309/jargon_buster| title=Jargon buster – Accessible Information * splat !| last=Lundin|first=Leigh| date=2013-04-05| publisher=Northampton Borough Council|work=Northampton Borough Council}} 25. ^{{cite journal |last1=Schnitzler |first1=Lena |display-authors=et al |title=Communication during radiation therapy education sessions: The role of medical jargon and emotional support in clarifying patient confusion |journal=Patient Education and Counseling |date=9 August 2016 |volume=100 |issue=1 |pages=112–120 |doi=10.1016/j.pec.2016.08.006 |pmid=27542311 }} 26. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.invo.org.uk/resource-centre/jargon-buster/| title=Jargon buster – Involve * splat !| last=Lundin |first=Leigh| date=2013-04-05|work=Involve}} 27. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.filmsite.org/filmterms20.html|title=Cinematic Terms – A FilmMaking Glossary|work=filmsite.org}} 28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.reference.com/browse/arete|title=Dictionary.com - Find the Meanings and Definitions of Words at Dictionary.com|work=Dictionary.com}} Further reading
External links{{Wikiquote}}{{wiktionary}}{{Commonscat}}
3 : Jargon|Language varieties and styles|Terminology |
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