| 词条 | G. M. Syed |
| 释义 |
}}{{Infobox Politician|image=G-M-Syed.jpg|caption=Founder of Sindhi nationalism|name=Ghulam Murtaza Shah Syed|native_name=غلام مرتضي سيد|office=Minister of Education in Sindh|term_start=18 March 1940|term_end=7 March 1941[1][2]|birth_date={{birth date|df=yes|1904|01|17}}|birth_place=Sann, Sindh, British India (now Pakistan)|death_date={{death date|df=yes|1995|04|25}} (age 91)|death_place=Karachi|resting_place=Sann|known_for=Sindhi nationalism, Sufism, history, and Islamic philosophy|awards=Friends of Liberation War Honour[2]|signature=|parents=Syed Mohammed Shah Kazmi|children=Syed Amir Hyder Shah, Syed Imdad Muhammad Shah, Zarin Taj, Shama Aimen and Dr. Durreshahwar}}Ghulam Murtaza Syed (Sindhi: غلام مرتضي سيد, z17 January 1904 – 25 April 1995),[3] known as G.M Syed was a prominent Sindhi politician, who is infamously known for his scholarly work,[4] passing only constitutional resolution in favor of the establishment of Pakistan from British Sindh Assembly (which is now Sindh Assembly) in 1943,[5] proposing ideological groundwork for separate Sindhi identity and laying the foundations of Sindhudesh movement.[6] He is regarded as one of the founding fathers of modern Sindhi nationalism.[7] G.M Syed started his political career at the age of 16, when he organised Khilafat Conference at his hometown, Sann, on 17 March 1920.[8] He was first to become a political prisoner after the creation of Pakistan in 1948.[9][10] He restated the political implementation of Sufi ideologies proposing peaceful religious coexistence, secularism, Sindhi nationalism and laid the basis for Sindhudesh Movement.[11] He spent approximately thirty years of his life in imprisonment and house arrests for opposing the anti-Sindh policies.[12] He was entitled as the prisoner of conscience by Amnesty International in 1995.[13] He died during his house arrest in Karachi on 26 April 1995.[14] Early lifeChildhood: 1904–15G.M. Syed was born to the Sadat family of Sindh in the town of Sann on 17 January 1904. Syed was an infant when his father Syed Mohammed Shah Kazmi was killed due to a family feud on 1 November 1905. After the death of his father, Syed was the only male infant in the family, therefore in 1906 the British Government took his family property in its custody and his family was given the monthly pension by the Court of Wards. He was admitted to a primary school at the age of six and completed his 5 years of primary education in Sindhi, in the year 1915. The female elders of his family decided to home-school him in order to safeguard him from family feud and enmity as he was the only male heir in the family. He was taught Persian and English at home.[15][16][17] Teenage: 1920–24G.M Syed started his politics from participating in the Khilafat Movement. He first attended Khilafat Conference held on 7th, 8th, and 9 February 1920 in Larkana. He was inspired by the speeches of Abul Kalam Azad, Abdul Bari Firangi Mahali, Maulana Shaukat Ali and Shaikh Abdul Majeed Sindhi. He himself called upon the next Khilafat Conference on 17 March 1920 in his hometown Sann.[17][16][18] Two days after this conference, his native town Sann observed a shutter-down strike in protest against the injustices of the Allied Powers against the Ottoman Caliphate on 20 March 1920. He remained active throughout the entire Khilafat Movement afterward.[16] He addressed the Khilafat Conference held on 26 March 1920, in Makhdoom Bilawal's Mausoleum as the youngest speaker. He was of a short-height and stood upon a wooden chair to be visible to the audience during his speech.[17] He met Mahatma Gandhi on 27 April 1921 at the Sann railway station while Mr. Gandhi was traveling from Dadu to Hyderabad. Gandhi instructed him to wear Khadi.[19][20] Syed visited the office of the Collector in Karachi on 23 June 1921 to free his lands from the custody of Court of Wards but he was refused. He filed a complaint against the Collector and Mukhtiarkar on 4 December 1922, for hurdling the delivery of his lands from custody[17][16]. Finally, he was awarded his lands back from the custody of Court of Wards in the year 1924, after two years of legal prosecution[21]. Political activismSyed was the founder of Sindh Awami Mahaz, which went on to join the National Awami Party (National Peoples Party). Like Ibrahim Joyo, Syed blended Sindhi nationalism with Communism and Sufism through the ideas of Gandhi and Marx. Syed's position brought him ample opportunity to have free income through tributes, cash offerings and landed property. This lifestyle was rejected by him, subsequently he plunged into politics with enthusiasm. Politically, he evolved and traveled from Pan-Islamist to Indian nationalist and then Pakistani nationalist, having joined Muslim League; and ended with being a Sindhi nationalist.[22] AV SchoolIn the early 1920s, Syed opened Anglo-Vernacular (AV) school in his village Sann, where education for certain language classes was free of cost. AV School offered combo of Sindhi education with English language. The school also offered options of Arabic, French and Persian languages. Prominent Sindhi educationist Ibrahim Joyo was also schooled at AV.[23] Timeline
Jeay Sindh movementSyed was the architect of "Jiy-e-Sindh" movement, aimed at achieving Sindhudesh. He is also the author of more than 60 books, (with) subjects ranging from politics, religion, culture, literature and commentaries on famous poet Shah Abdul Latif Bhitai. For his part as a political thinker, literary figure and mystic, he dominated the political arena of pre and post-partition era for decades, while he remained in jail for 30 years.[22] On 19 January 1992, Syed was put under house arrest, his house was declared a sub-jail. He died on 25 April 1995. [22]Reception{{unreferenced section|date=March 2016}}Syed was revered by his supporters as "Saeen" (سائين), a son of Syed Mohammed Shah Kazmi, descendant of a famous saint of Sindh Syed Haider Shah Kazmi; of whose mausoleum he was the Sajjada Nashin. Syed is revered as the pioneer of the Sindhudesh movement based on Sindhi ethno nationalism. Earlier in his political career he supported the creation of Pakistan and had in fact lobbied and passed the bill for the creation of Pakistan in the Sindh Assembly under the British Raj in India. The Pakistani state's descend into militaristic national traditions and right wing Islamist ideology along with its halfhearted commitment to the principles of provincial autonomy and federalism, Syed disowned his previously upheld idea of Pakistan. The separation of the Eastern wing of the country under the Banghubandhu movement led by Sheikh Mujibur Rahman for the liberation of Bengali Pakistanis on the basis of Bengali nationalism, further strengthened Syed's belief in the unsustainable nature of the 'Pakistani nationhood' which was based on religion alone and promoted cultural and linguistic centralization. His campaigned for Sindh for 74 years during which he was imprisoned, house arrested and denounced and declared a threat to the integrity and existence of Pakistan. BibliographySyed was the author of more than sixty books, written mainly in Sindhi, but also English and Urdu.[26] His works are on numerous subjects, ranging from literature to politics, religion and culture. Due to his breath of knowledge, he bas been described by the Dutch scholar of Islam Oskar Verkaaik as "in many ways a remarkably productive, original, and largely autodidact intellectual, creating his own personal interpretation of Islam out of a range of intellectual influences such as 19th-century Islamic reform, Darwinian evolution theory, theosophy, 18th century Sindhi poetry, Marxism, classical Sufism, German idealism, and probably more."[27] Some of his well-known books are:
See also
References1. ^{{cite web|title=Provinces of British India|url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/India_BrProvinces.htm#Sind|website=worldstatesmen.org|publisher=WORLD STATESMEN.org|accessdate=23 May 2018}} 2. ^{{cite web|title=Bangladesh will award Bizinjo for voicing for Bengalis|url=https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2010/12/17/bangladesh-will-award-bizinjo-for-voicing-for-bengalis/|website=pakistantoday.com.pk|publisher=Pakistan Today|accessdate=23 May 2018|language=English|date=17 December 2010}} 3. ^{{cite web|last1=Zaffar|first1=Junejo|title=G M Syed: Remembering a visionary|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/823803/g-m-syed-remembering-a-visionary/|website=tribune.com.pk|publisher=The Express Tribune|accessdate=23 May 2018|language=English|date=19 January 2015}} 4. ^{{cite web|last1=Google|first1=Books|title=author G.M Syed|url=https://www.google.com/search?safe=strict&sa=X&tbm=bks&tbm=bks&q=inauthor:%22J%C4%AB.+Em+Sayyidu%22|accessdate=23 May 2018}} 5. ^{{cite web|last1=Dawn|first1=Newspaper|title=KARACHI 1943: A PROCESSION IN TRIUMPH|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1341487|website=dawn.com|publisher=Dawn|accessdate=23 May 2018|language=English|date=24 June 2017}} 6. ^{{cite web|title='No China, Go China' slogans reverberate at JSMM rally in Sindh|url=https://www.aninews.in/news/world/asia/no-china-go-china-slogans-reverberate-at-jsmm-rally-in-sindh201801191055380002/|website=aninews.in|publisher=Asian News International|accessdate=23 May 2018|language=English|date=19 January 2018}} 7. ^{{cite book|author=Farhan Hanif Siddiqi|title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KN7fCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA76|accessdate=23 May 2018|date=4 May 2012|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-33697-3|pages=76–}} 8. ^{{cite book|author=Rita Kothari|title=The burden of refuge: the Sindhi Hindus of Gujarat|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6hpuAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 May 2018|date=1 February 2007|publisher=Orient Longman|language=English|isbn=978-81-250-3157-4|page=48}} 9. ^{{cite web|last1=World Sindh|first1=congress|title=Statement by Dr. Haleem Uddin Bhatti, Information Secretary, World Sindhi Congress|url=http://www.worldsindhicongress.org/1995/09/statement-by-dr-haleem-uddin-bhatti-information-secretary-world-sindhi-congress/|website=worldsindhicongress.org|publisher=World Sindhi Congress|accessdate=23 May 2018}} 10. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web|last1=KHADIM|first1=SOOMRO|title=G.M. Syed remembered|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/867039|website=dawn.com|date =20 January 2009|publisher=dawn|accessdate=22 May 2018}} 11. ^{{cite web|author1=Nadeem F. Paracha|authorlink1=Nadeem F. Paracha|title=Making of the Sindhi identity: From Shah Latif to GM Syed to Bhutto|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/867039|website=dawn.com|publisher=Dawn|accessdate=23 May 2018|language=English|date=10 September 2015}} 12. ^{{cite web|last1=Naseer|first1=Memon|title=Relevance of GM Syed today|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/494904/relevance-of-gm-syed-today/|website=tribune.com.pk|publisher=The Express Tribune|accessdate=23 May 2018|language=English|date=17 January 2013|quote=he remained interned for over 30 years}} 13. ^{{cite book|author=Amnesty International|title=Amnesty International: The 1995 Report on Human Rights Around the World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrfnHQtkbWkC|year=1995|publisher=Hunter House|isbn=978-0-89793-183-0}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Suranjan Das|title=Kashmir and Sindh: Nation-building, Ethnicity and Regional Politics in South Asia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OxA6FOe_NUcC&pg=PA140|accessdate=23 May 2018|year=2001|publisher=Anthem Press|isbn=978-1-898855-69-9|pages=140–}} 15. ^{{cite web|title=G.M Syed|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/g-m-syed|website=storyofpakistan.com|publisher=Story of Pakistan|accessdate=23 May 2018}} 16. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=Jī. Em Sayyidu|title=The Case of Sindh: G.M. Sayed's Deposition for the Court|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KvhtAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 May 2018|year=1995|publisher=Naeen Sindh Academy|language=English|page=4-10}} 17. ^1 2 3 {{cite book|author=Khadim Hussain Soomro|title=The Path Not Taken: G.M. Sayed : Vision and Valour in Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UvptAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=24 May 2018|year=2004|publisher=Sain Publishers|page=10}} 18. ^{{cite book|author=Muhammad Soaleh Korejo|title=G.M. Syed: An Analysis of His Political Perspectives|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cPQ8AAAAMAAJ|accessdate=25 May 2018|year=2000|publisher=Oxford University Press|language=English|isbn=978-0-19-579273-7|page=142}} 19. ^{{cite book|author1=Jan Michiel Baud|author2=Rosanne Adriënne Rutten|title=Popular Intellectuals and Social Movements: Framing Protest in Asia, Africa, and Latin America|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JeGJ6PnwVy0C&pg=PA76|accessdate=26 May 2018|year=2004|publisher=Cambridge University Press|language=English|isbn=978-0-521-61348-4|pages=76–}} 20. ^{{Cite journal|last=Touqeer|first=Fatima|last2=Mushtaq|first2=Abdul Qadir|last3=Chawla|first3=Muhammad Iqbal|date=June 2016|title=Political Struggle of G. M. Syed 1934-1947: A Journey from Indian National Congress to Progressive Sindh Muslim League|url=http://lhcpakistan.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/Vol2No1-1.-1-12.pdf|journal=Lyallpur Historical & Cultural Research Journal|volume=Vol.2, No. 1|accessdate=26 May 2018|issn=2523-2770|via=}} 21. ^{{Cite book|url=http://www.sindhiadabiboard.org/catalogue/Personalties/Book23/Book_page30.html|title=Janab Guzaryam Jin Seen|last=Ghulam|first=Murtaza|publisher=Sindhi Adabi Board|year=1967|isbn=|edition=First|location=Jamshoro|pages=|language=Sindhi}} 22. ^1 2 {{cite web|last1=Shah|first1=G.M.|title=Biography of GM Syed|url=http://storyofpakistan.com/g-m-syed/|website=Story of Pakistan|publisher=ETeam|accessdate=17 September 2014}} 23. ^{{cite web|author= |url=http://tns.thenews.com.pk/learning-education-from-ibrahim-joyo/#.VupZCFk6sVF |title=Learning education from Joyo | TNS - The News on Sunday |website=Tns.thenews.com.pk |date=2016-03-27 |accessdate=2016-03-31}} 24. ^{{cite web|last1=KHADIM|first1=SOOMRO|title=G.M. Syed remembered|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/867039|website=dawn.com|date =20 January 2009|publisher=dawn|accessdate=22 May 2018}} 25. ^{{cite web|url=http://nation.com.pk/national/02-Jul-2012/-zulfikarabad-an-israel-in-the-making |title=‘Zulfikarabad: An Israel in the making’ |website=Nation.com.pk |date=2012-07-02 |accessdate=2016-03-31}} 26. ^Muhammad Soaleh Korejo, G.M. Syed: An Analysis of His Political Perspectives, Oxford University Press (2000), p. 2 27. ^{{cite web|author=Amar Sindhu|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1032297/column-gm-syed-the-controversial-mystic-of-modern-times|title=Column: G.M. Syed: the controversial mystic of modern times|website=Dawn News|date=2013-07-28|accessdate=2017-06-18}} External links
14 : 1904 births|1995 deaths|Pakistani writers|Sindhi people|Pakistani scholars|Pakistani Theosophists|Islamic philosophers|Muslim reformers|Leaders of the Pakistan Movement|Indian independence activists from Pakistan|Pakistan Muslim League politicians|Pakistani prisoners and detainees|Sindhi-language writers|Pakistan Movement activists from Sindh |
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