| 词条 | Gnesio-Lutherans |
| 释义 |
Gnesio-Lutherans (from Greek γνήσιος [gnesios]: genuine, authentic){{citation needed|date=November 2017}} is a modern name for a theological party in the Lutheran churches,{{sfn|Livingstone|2013}} in opposition to the Philippists{{sfn|Lueker|Poellot|Jackson|2000}} after the death of Martin Luther and before the Formula of Concord. In their own day they were called Flacians by their opponents and simply Lutherans by themselves. Later Flacian became to mean an adherent of Matthias Flacius' view of original sin, rejected by the Formula of Concord. In a broader meaning, the term Gnesio-Lutheran is associated mostly with the defence of the doctrine of Real Presence. ControversiesAfter the death of Luther, many theological controversies arose among the Lutherans, mostly due to teaching of Philip Melanchthon. Gnesio-Lutherans were profiled by defending Martin Luther's doctrine, in the beginning led by Matthias Flacius. The Gnesio-Lutherans exercised strict doctrinal discipline, but they also opposed with equal determination what they considered to be the errors of their fellow-combatants like von Amsdorf (Amsdorfians), Flacius (Flacians), Poach, and others. The centres of Gnesio-Lutherans were Magdeburg and the University of Jena. Gnesio-Lutherans were involved in:
Other Gnesio-Luherans were Caspar Aquila, Joachim Westphal, Johann Wigand, Matthäus Judex, Joachim Mörlin, Tilemann Heshusius, Johann Timann, Simon Musaeus, Erasmus Sarcerius, and Aegidius Hunnius. The Crypto-Calvinistic Controversy{{main |Crypto-Calvinism}}The Crypto-Calvinistic Controversy was the largest of the controversies of the second generation of the Lutheran Reformation. Since it was far more fundamental to the Lutheran Church, Lutherans outside of the Flacian party took the Gnesio-Lutheran position against Philippism and Crypto-Calvinism. In the middle between the Philippists and the Gnesio-Lutherans, the "Centrist party" included Johannes Brenz, Jakob Andreae, Martin Chemnitz, Nikolaus Selnecker, David Chytraeus, Andreas Musculus, and others. Unlike the Gnesio-Lutherans, the members of the "centre party" were opposed to any unnecessary controversies involving no doctrinal differences, and careful not to fall into any extreme position themselves. The Gnesio-Lutheran Joachim Westphal was first to write to defend the Real Presence against the Calvinists, and Melanchthon stigmatized his and other Gnesio-Lutherans' doctrine as "bread worship".{{sfn|Bente|1965|p=179}} ReferencesFootnotesBibliography{{refbegin|35em|indent=yes}}{{cite book |last=Bente |first=F. |year=1965 |orig-year=1921 |title=Historical Introductions to the Book of Concord |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |ref=harv }} {{cite encyclopedia |year=2013 |editor-last=Livingstone |editor-first=E. A. |title=Gnesio-Lutherans |encyclopedia=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church |edition=3rd |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |publication-date=2015 |isbn=978-0-19-174430-3 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199659623.001.0001 |ref=harv }} {{cite encyclopedia |year=2000 |title=Gnesio-Lutherans |url=http://cyclopedia.lcms.org/display.asp?t1=G&word=GNESIO-LUTHERANS |editor1-last=Lueker |editor1-first=Erwin L. |editor2-last=Poellot |editor2-first=Luther |editor3-last=Jackson |editor3-first=Paul |encyclopedia=Christian Cyclopedia |location=St. Louis, Missouri |publisher=Concordia Publishing House |access-date=6 November 2017 |via=Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod |ref=harv }} {{cite book |last=Schaff |first=Philip |author-link=Philip Schaff |year=1910 |title=History of the Christian Church |url=http://www.ccel.org/ccel/schaff/hcc8 |volume=8 |edition=3rd |location=Grand Rapids, Michigan |publisher=Christian Classics Ethereal Library |publication-date=2005 |access-date=6 November 2017 |ref=harv }}{{refend}}{{Early Lutheran Controversies}}{{Use British English Oxford spelling|date=November 2017}}{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}} 2 : Lutheran Eucharistic theology|Reformation in Germany |
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