| 词条 | Gourma-Rharous Cercle |
| 释义 |
|name = Gourma-Rharous Cercle |other_name = |native_name = |nickname = |settlement_type =Cercle |motto = |image_skyline = Gourma Rharous.jpg |imagesize = 300px |image_caption = |image_flag = |flag_size = |image_seal = |seal_size = |image_shield = |shield_size = |image_map = Cercle of Gourma-Rharous.png |mapsize =300px |map_caption = Location of the Cercle of Gourma-Rharous in Mali |pushpin_map = |pushpin_label_position =bottom |pushpin_mapsize = |pushpin_map_caption = |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_name = {{flag|Mali}} |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name1 = Tombouctou Region |subdivision_type2 = |subdivision_name2 = |subdivision_type3 = |subdivision_name3 = | seat_type =Admin HQ (Chef-lieu) | seat =Gourma-Rharous | |government_footnotes = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |leader_title1 = |leader_name1 = |established_title = |established_date = |area_magnitude = |unit_pref = |area_footnotes =[1] |area_total_km2 =45000 |area_land_km2 = |population_as_of =2009 census |population_footnotes =[2] |population_note = |population_total =111386 |population_density_km2 =auto |population_density_sq_mi = |population_metro = |population_density_metro_km2 = |population_density_metro_sq_mi = |population_blank1_title =Ethnicities |population_blank1 = |population_density_blank1_km2 = |population_density_blank1_sq_mi = |timezone =GMT |utc_offset = +0 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = |elevation_footnotes = |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |blank_name = |blank_info = |blank1_name = |blank1_info = |website = |footnotes = }} Gourma-Rharous Cercle is an administrative subdivision of the Tombouctou Region of Mali. The administrative center is the town of Gourma-Rharous. The route of the annual circular migration of the Gourma elephants crosses a number of communes in the cercles of Gourma-Rharous and Douentza (Mopti Region). Lake Banzena ({{coord|15|40|00|N|2|35|30|W|type:waterbody}}) in the commune of Bambara Maoudé serves as an important source of water for the elephants at the end of the dry season (April to June). [4][5][6] The cercle is divided into nine communes:[7][8]
References1. ^{{citation | title= Synthèsis des 108 Plans de Securité Alimentaire de la Région de Tombouctou 2006-2010 | publisher=Commissariat à la Sécurité Alimentaire, République du Mali, USAID-Mali | year=2006 | url=http://www.aec.msu.edu/fs2/mali_fd_strtgy/plans/tombouctou/pssa_SYNTHESE_REGION_TBOU.pdf | language=French }}. {{Cercles of Mali}}{{Communes of the Tombouctou Region}}{{Tombouctou-geo-stub}}{{coord|16|05|N|1|45|W|dim:330000_region:ML-6_type:adm2nd_source:dewiki|display=title}}2. ^{{citation |url=http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/tombouctou.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722215701/http://instat.gov.ml/documentation/tombouctou.pdf |dead-url=yes |archive-date=2011-07-22 |publisher=République de Mali: Institut National de la Statistique |title=Resultats Provisoires RGPH 2009 (Région de Tombouctou) |language=French }} 3. ^ 4. ^{{citation | title=Community engagement at Lake Banzena | year=2011 | publisher=Wild Foundation | url=http://www.slideshare.net/wildfoundation/community-process-may11 | accessdate=7 May 2012 }}. 5. ^{{ citation | last1= Blake | first1= S. | last2= Bouché | first2= P. | last3= Rasmussen | first3= H. | last4= Orlando | first4= A. | last5= Douglas-Hamilton | first5= I. | year= 2003 | title= The Last Sahelian Elephants: Ranging Behavior, Population Status and Recent History of the Desert Elephants of Mali | publisher= Save the Elephants | url= http://www.savetheelephants.org/files/pdf/publications/2003%20Blake%20et%20al%20%20The%20last%20Sahelian%20elephants.pdf | deadurl= yes | archiveurl= https://web.archive.org/web/20120511044612/http://www.savetheelephants.org/files/pdf/publications/2003%20Blake%20et%20al%20%20The%20last%20Sahelian%20elephants.pdf | archivedate= 2012-05-11 | df= }}. 6. ^{{citation|last1=Canney |first1=S. |last2=Lindsey |first2=K. |last3=Hema |first3=E. |last4=Douglas-Hamilton |first4=I. |last5=Martin |first5=V. |year=2007 |title=The Mali elephant initiative: synthesis of knowledge, research and recommendations about the population, its range and the threats to the elephants of the Gourma |publisher=Save the Elephants |url=http://www.savetheelephants.org/files/pdf/publications/2007%20The%20WILD%20Foundation%20et%20al%20The%20Mali%20elephant%20initiative%20synthesis%20of%20knowledge.pdf |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511045808/http://www.savetheelephants.org/files/pdf/publications/2007%20The%20WILD%20Foundation%20et%20al%20The%20Mali%20elephant%20initiative%20synthesis%20of%20knowledge.pdf |archivedate=2012-05-11 |df= }}. 7. ^{{citation|year=1999 |title=Loi N°99-035/ du 10 Aout 1999 Portant Création des Collectivités Territoriales de Cercles et de Régions |url=http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf |publisher=Ministère de l'Administration Territoriales et des Collectivités Locales, République du Mali |language=French |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309073942/http://www.matcl.gov.ml/PDF/LoiCreationCercleReg.pdf |archivedate=2012-03-09 |df= }}. 8. ^{{citation | title=Communes de la Région de Tombouctou | publisher=Ministère de l’administration territoriale et des collectivités locales, République du Mali | url=http://www.matcl.gov.ml/pdf/ComRegTombouctou.pdf | language=French | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6Anarm8yL?url=http://www.matcl.gov.ml/pdf/ComRegTombouctou.pdf | archivedate=2012-09-19 | df= }}. 2 : Cercles of Mali|Tombouctou Region |
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