| 词条 | Government of Baghdad |
| 释义 |
Origins and authorityMuch of the structure predates the 2003 invasion of Iraq, but officials' powers were originally limited to managing the top-down distribution of governmental services.[2] The Coalition Provisional Authority's Transitional Administrative Law (TAL) – specifically CPA Order 71 – and the Provincial Powers Law have since changed their responsibilities remarkably, creating a degree of federalism that didn't exist during the Saddam Hussein era. The Constitution alone does not determine Baghdad's government because it is vague and contains gaps and does not lay out the structures in detail. Pre-constitution legislation dating back to 1964 and ad hoc measures that have become custom also determine this structure.[1] Governorate and AmanatThe province's outlying areas are structured the same as other areas in Iraq but are administered by the governorate instead the Amanat. Iraqi law set the boundaries between Amanat and governorate in 1971, but they’ve been adjusted more recently. The governorate and Amanat are linked at several levels, and the Governorate Council still provides funding for many of Baghdad's projects. The governorate's structure is similar to the City of Baghdad, but the units have different names. A “qa’da” is similar to a kati’, although it may also be compared to a county. A “nahiya” is similar to a hayy. The deputy governor for rural services oversees these outlying areas, which surround the city from Taji in the north to Mahmudiyah in the south.[1] Types of governmentsBaghdad's governments can be divided into three categories with different – although sometimes overlapping – responsibilities: Political subdivisions, political entities and service entities.
The cooperation of all governments is usually required for the successful completion of major projects. Political entities must provide the necessary approval, while service entities must execute the proposal. One or both must provide the funding or access to the funding. This can limit the efficacy of any one government official.[1] Revenue generationPolitical entities may collect revenue and retain revenue only with the Governorate Council's authorization. Kati’ and neighborhood councils may not have surpluses. In practice, local governments collect taxes and fees only on an extremely limited basis. Neighborhood councils in the Rusafa kati’, for example, oversee generators and charge residents for the electricity they provide.[3] The lack of local funding results in an extremely centralized funding mechanism.[4] Political subdivisionsBaghdad Governorate{{See also|Baghdad Governorate}}Governorates, commonly called provinces, are the Iraqi equivalent of states. Baghdad is the smallest but most populous of Iraq's 18 governorates. A governor heads the governorate. Unlike in the United States, the governor is appointed by the Governorate Council. The governor is the equivalent to a deputy minister in terms of rights and career service. His responsibilities include:
Baghdad CityThe actual City of Baghdad, overseen by a mayor. Kati' (District){{seealso|Administrative districts in Baghdad}}A kati', often called a district, is similar to a borough of a metropolis like New York. Baghdad has nine kati': Rusafa, Adhamiyah, Thawra (Sadr City), 7 Nissan, Karadah, Karkh, Kadhimiyah, Mansour, and Al Rashid. Each kati' is headed by a qa'im makam elected by the kati' council. The qa'im makam's rank is equivalent to a director general in the federal government. However, Baghdad qa’im makams have significantly fewer restrictions than those in qa'das because they are not constrained by CPA Order 71. Their duties include:
HayyA hayy is an administrative territorial entity of the Amanat that is similar to a district in a large city. Many of Baghdad's 94 hayys have evolved different boundaries from government and service bodies on the same level. Both American and Iraqi officials tend to work around the boundaries of the neighborhorhood or kati’ councils instead – making hayys an often overlooked, although no less official, tier of government.[2] MuhallaMuhallas, the smallest administrative units, are neighborhoods. The name of each muhalla is a three-digit number. The first number indicates its kati’. The last indicates which side of the kati’ the muhalla is in, depending on whether it is even or odd.[2] Political entitiesBaghdad Governorate (Province) CouncilThe Governorate Council, more commonly called the Provincial Council, is similar to a state legislature or the London Assembly. It took over administration of the province from the Baghdad City Council, which the CPA created in 2004. It oversees the entire governorate, not just the City of Baghdad. The council is composed of 57 directly elected representatives in contrast to the 41 members in Iraq's other governorates. The Provincial Powers Law spells out the council's responsibilities, which include:
Kati’ (District) CouncilKati’ councils are the Iraqi equivalent of a city council. Members are chosen from among neighborhood council representatives. The number of members on each council varies based on population. The members choose a chairperson to head the council. The councils have next to no money and must ask – not order – the Governorate Council, beladiyas or Amanat to embark on any project that they want.[2] The councils were once called “district advisory councils” and are still called “DACs” by many soldiers and American officials. However, their powers now extend beyond mere advisory power. The council's responsibilities include:
Neighborhood CouncilNeighborhood councils are the closest elected officials to the people. The councils are similar to representatives of a city ward. The number of members is based on population. They have no spending money. Like kati’ councils, neighborhood councils are often incorrectly called neighborhood advisory councils. These councils primarily handle lower-level administration functions such as initial approval of fuel or food rations and initial verification of residents returning home after fleeing sectarian fighting.[2][9] Service entitiesAmanatThe Amanat is Baghdad's public works department or city hall with a concentration in infrastructure. It is responsible for improving Baghdad's infrastructure and overseeing the city's essential services. Money for large-scale, Iraqi-funded projects typically originates at the Amanat. It has no responsibility for electricity, which is overseen by the federal government's Ministry of Electricity. The Amanat is headed by an “amin” chosen by the Governorate Council.[1] BeladiyaBaghdad's 13 beladiyas can be considered the administering arm of the Amanat. They maintain the city's distribution systems and perform other administrative tasks such as governing water, sewage, roads, public lands and zoning. Beladiyas have significantly less money than the Amanat. This typically limits them to maintaining existing infrastructure and performing low-level improvements such as landscaping or street cleaning. Beladiyas must turn to the Amanat or Governorate Council for the creation of any significant new infrastructure. Beladiyas also control any money collected by the kati’ councils. The deputy amin for beladiyas appoints a deputy mayor to head each beladiya, but most of the remaining employees are workers hired for specific jobs, such as engineers or street cleaners.[1][2] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 Republic of Iraq District Government Field Manual Vol. 1 2. ^1 2 3 4 5 "Iraqi officials urged to find own solutions", Stripes. 3. ^Iraqis face hurdles on road to power independence 4. ^Complicated tax structure weighing down Iraq’s fledgling government and its citizens 5. ^Provincial Powers Law, Part 2, Chapter 1, 6. ^Provincial Powers Law, Part 2, Chapter 2, 7. ^Provincial Powers Law, Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 1, Article 7 8. ^Provincial Powers Law, Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 2, Article 8 9. ^Provincial Powers Law, Part 1, Chapter 2, Section 1, Article 12 1 : Government of Baghdad |
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