“Grabaei”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Grabaei were a tribe in Illyria, somewhere in what is today Albania.{{Cref2|a}} They were mentioned by Pliny the Elder (23–79 AD).{{sfn|Wilkes|1969|p=166}}

History

After Philip II of Macedon defeated Bardylis (358 BC), the Grabaei under Grabos became the strongest state in Illyria.{{sfn|Hammond|1994|p=438}} Philip II killed 7,000 Illyrians in a great victory and annexed the territory up to Lake Ohrid.{{sfn|Hammond|1993|p=106}} Next, Philip II reduced the Grabaei, and then went for the Ardiaei, defeated the Triballi (339 BC), and fought with Pleurias (337 BC).{{sfn|Hammond|1993|p=107}}

After 9 AD, the remnants of Illyrian tribes moved to new coastal cities and larger and more capable civitates; the Grabaei (called Kambaioi) were among these, mentioned by Pliny the Elder.{{sfn|Wilkes|1969|p=156}}

Kretschmer etymologically connected their name to Slavic grabǔ, "hornbeam", with a cognate in Epirote Greek gabros (γάβρος, "oak-wood"), approved by most scholars (1924).^[1] Their name has been connected to Umbrian Krapuvi and Grabovie, gods of Iguvium.^[1] Gabraeum (Gabraion^[2]), a place in Epirus,^[3] may be connected to the tribe.^[4] The name of Illyrian king Grabos suggests a connection with the tribe.{{sfn|Wilkes|1992|p=121}}

See also

Annotations

References

1. ^¹{{cite book|title=Cambridge Ancient History|chapter=Balkan languages|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vXljf8JqmkoC&pg=PA871|year=1924|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22496-3|page=871}}
2. ^{{cite book|author=Procopius : Caesariensis|title=Procopii Caesariensis Opera: Prokopiou Kaisareos Ton kat'auton historion tetras altera. Procopii Caesariensis historiarum temporis sui tetras altera|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3olX2EsqF1gC&pg=PA443|year=1729|page=443}}
3. ^{{cite book|title=Annales|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHVfAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA548|year=1838|publisher=impensis Ed. Weberi|page=548}}
4. ^{{cite journal|last=Kos|first=M. Š.|year=1993|title=Famous Kylikes in Illyris|journal=Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte|pages=247–251|quote=Gabraeum may certainly be connected with the Dalmatian tribe Grabaei, probably named after the oak tree.}}
5. ^{{cite book|last=Zehnacker|first=Hubert|title=Pline l'Ancien. Histoire naturelle: Livre III|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AHVfAAAAMAAJ|year=2004|publisher=Belles Lettres|isbn=978-2-251-01407-4|page=274}}

Sources

{{cite book|last=Hahn|first=Johann Georg von|authorlink=Johann Georg von Hahn|title=Albanesische Studien: Nebst einer Karte und andern artistischen Beilagen|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7S1IAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA240|year=1854|publisher=F. Mauke|page=240|ref=harv}}

{{cite book|last=Hammond|first=N. G. L|authorlink=N. G. L. Hammond|title=Studies concerning Epirus and Macedonia before Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TWwiAQAAIAAJ|year=1993|publisher=Hakkert|ref=harv}}

{{cite journal|last=Hammond|first=N. G. L.|title=Illyrians and North-west Greeks|journal=The Cambridge Ancient History Volume 6: The Fourth Century BC|year=1994|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=422–443|ref=harv}}

{{cite book|last=Wilkes|first=J. J.|authorlink=John Wilkes (archaeologist)|year=1969|title=Dalmatia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xuArAAAAMAAJ|publisher=Harvard University Press|ref=harv}}

{{cite book|last=Wilkes|first=J. J.|year=1992|title=The Illyrians |publisher=Blackwell |isbn=06-3119-807-5|ref=harv}}

3 : Illyrian tribes|Illyrian Albania|Ancient tribes in Albania