| 词条 | Jeff Bezos | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| 释义 |
| name = Jeff Bezos | image = Jeff Bezos at Amazon Spheres Grand Opening in Seattle - 2018 (39074799225) (cropped).jpg | caption = Bezos in January 2018 | birth_name = Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen | birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1964|01|12}} | birth_place = Albuquerque, New Mexico, U.S. | residence = Medina, Washington, U.S.[1] | education = Princeton University (BS) | occupation = {{hlist|Technology entrepreneur|investor|philanthropist}} | title = Chairman, CEO, and President of Amazon | known_for = Founding Amazon and Blue Origin | networth = US$137 billion (January 2019)[2] | spouse = {{marriage|MacKenzie Tuttle|1993}} | children = 4 }}Jeffrey Preston Bezos ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|b|eɪ|z|oʊ|s}};{{efn|{{respell|BAY|zohss}}}}[3] born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen; January 12, 1964) is an American technology entrepreneur, investor, and philanthropist. He is the founder, chairman, CEO, and president of Amazon. Bezos was born in Albuquerque, New Mexico, and raised in Houston, Texas. He graduated from Princeton University in 1986 with degrees in electrical engineering and computer science. He worked on Wall Street in a variety of related fields from 1986 to early 1994. He founded Amazon in late 1994 on a cross-country road trip from New York City to Seattle. The company began as an online bookstore and has expanded to a variety of products and services, including video and audio streaming. It is currently the world's largest online sales company, as well as the world's largest provider of cloud infrastructure services via its Amazon Web Services arm. Bezos added to his business interests when he founded aerospace company Blue Origin in 2000. A Blue Origin test flight successfully first reached space in 2015, and Blue has plans to begin commercial suborbital human spaceflight in 2019. He purchased The Washington Post in 2013 for {{US$|250 million|link=yes}} in cash. Bezos manages other business investments through his venture capital fund, Bezos Expeditions. On July 27, 2017, he became the world's wealthiest person when his estimated net worth increased to just over $90 billion. Bezos's wealth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, and he was formally designated the wealthiest person in the world by Forbes on March 6, 2018, with a net worth of $112 billion. The first centi-billionaire on the Forbes wealth index, he was named the "richest man in modern history" after his net worth increased to $150 billion in July 2018.[4] Early lifeBezos was born Jeffrey Preston Jorgensen on January 12, 1964, in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the son of Jacklyn Gise Jorgensen and Chicago, Illinois, native Ted Jorgensen.[5] At the time of his birth, his mother was a 17-year-old high school student, and his father was a bike shop owner.[6] After Jacklyn divorced Ted, she married Cuban immigrant Miguel "Mike" Bezos in April 1968.[7] Shortly after the wedding, Mike adopted four-year-old Jorgensen, whose surname was then changed to Bezos.[8] The family moved to Houston, Texas, where Mike worked as an engineer for Exxon after he received a degree from the University of New Mexico.[9] Bezos attended River Oaks Elementary School in Houston from fourth to sixth grade.[10] Bezos is the maternal grandson of Lawrence Preston Gise, a regional director of the U.S. Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) in Albuquerque.[11] Gise retired early to his family's ranch near Cotulla, Texas, where Bezos would spend many summers in his youth.[9] Bezos would later purchase this ranch and grow it from {{convert|25,000|acre|ha|0}} to {{convert|300,000|acre|ha|0}}.[12][13] His maternal grandmother was Mattie Louise Gise (née Strait), through whom he is a cousin of country singer George Strait.[14] Bezos often displayed scientific interests and technological proficiency; he once rigged an electric alarm to keep his younger siblings out of his room.[15][16] The family moved to Miami, Florida, where Bezos attended Miami Palmetto High School.[17][18] While Bezos was in high school, he worked at McDonald's as a short-order line cook during the breakfast shift.[19] He attended the Student Science Training Program at the University of Florida. He was high school valedictorian, a National Merit Scholar,[21][20] and a Silver Knight Award winner in 1982.[21] In 1986, he graduated from Princeton University with a 4.2 grade point average and Bachelor of Science degrees in electrical engineering and computer science and was a member of Phi Beta Kappa.[22][23] While at Princeton, he was also elected to Tau Beta Pi and was the president of the Princeton chapter of the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space.[24][25] Business careerEarly careerAfter Bezos graduated from Princeton in 1986, he was offered jobs at Intel, Bell Labs, and Andersen Consulting, among others.[26] He first worked at Fitel, a fintech telecommunications start-up, where he was tasked with building a network for international trade.[27] Bezos was promoted to head of development and director of customer service thereafter.[30] He transitioned into the banking industry when he became a product manager at Bankers Trust; he worked there from 1988 to 1990.[30] He then joined D. E. Shaw & Co, a newly founded hedge fund, in 1990 and worked there until 1994. Bezos became D. E. Shaw's fourth senior vice-president at the age of 30.[30][26] Amazon{{Main|Amazon (company)|l1=Amazon}}In late 1993, Bezos decided to start an online bookstore.[28] He left his job at D. E. Shaw and founded Amazon in his garage on July 5, 1994, after writing its business plan on a trip from New York to Seattle.[29][30] Bezos named his new company Amazon after the Amazon River in South America, in part because the name begins with the letter A, which is at the beginning of the alphabet.[31] He accepted an estimated $300,000 from his parents and invested in Amazon.[30] He warned many early investors that there was a 70% chance that Amazon would fail or go bankrupt.[32] Although Amazon was originally an online bookstore, Bezos had always planned to expand to other products.[30][31] Three years after Bezos founded Amazon, he took it public with an initial public offering (IPO).[33] In response to critical reports from Fortune and Barron's, Bezos maintained that the growth of the internet would overtake competition from larger book retailers such as Borders and Barnes & Noble.[31] {{multiple image | align = left | direction = vertical | width = | image1 = Amazon CEO calls on PM Modi.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = Bezos with Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi in 2014 | image2 = Naturalization Ceremony (27590970472).jpg | width2 = 220 | caption2 = Bezos receives the James Smithson Bicentennial medal in 2016 for his work with Amazon. }}In 1998, Bezos diversified into the online sale of music and video; by the end of the year, he had also expanded the company's products to include a variety of consumer goods.[31] Bezos used the $54 million raised during the company's 1997 equity offering to finance aggressive acquisition of smaller competitors.[31] In 2002, Bezos led Amazon to launch Amazon Web Services, which compiled data from weather channels and website traffic.[31] In late 2002, rapid spending from Amazon caused it financial distress when revenues stagnated.[34] In 2000, Bezos borrowed $2 billion from banks, as its cash balances dipped to only $350 million.[35] After the company nearly went bankrupt, he closed distribution centers and laid off 14% of the Amazon workforce.[35] In 2003, Amazon rebounded from financial instability and turned a profit of $400 million.[36] In November 2007, Bezos launched the Amazon Kindle.[37] According to a 2008 Time profile, Bezos wished to create the same flow state found in video game simulations in books; he wished readers would fully engage with books.[38] In 2013, Bezos secured a $600 million contract with the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) on behalf of Amazon Web Services.[39] In October that year, Amazon was recognized as the largest online shopping retailer in the world.[40] In May 2016, Bezos sold slightly more than one million shares of his holdings in the company for $671 million, the largest sum he had ever raised from selling some of his Amazon stock.[41] On August 4, 2016, Bezos sold another million of his shares for $756.7 million.[42] A year later, Bezos took on 130,000 new employees when he ramped up hiring at company distribution centers.[43] By January 19, 2018, his Amazon stock holdings had appreciated to slightly over $109 billion; months later he began to sell stock to raise cash for other enterprises, in particular, Blue Origin.[44] On January 29, 2018, he was featured in Amazon's Super Bowl commercial.[45] On February 1, 2018, Amazon reported its highest ever profit with quarterly earnings of $2 billion.[46] Due to the growth of Alibaba in China, Bezos has often expressed interest in expanding Amazon into India.[47] In March 2018, Bezos dispatched Amit Agarwal, Amazon's global senior vice president, to India with $5.5 billion to localize operations throughout the company's supply chain routes.[48] Later in the month, U.S. President Donald Trump accused Amazon–and Bezos, specifically–of sales tax avoidance, misusing postal routes, and anti-competitive business practices.[49] Amazon's share price fell by 9% in response to the President's negative comments; this reduced Bezos's personal wealth by $10.7 billion.[50] Weeks later, Bezos recouped his losses when academic reports out of Stanford University indicated that Trump could do little to regulate Amazon in any meaningful way.[51] During July 2018, a number of members of the U.S. Congress called on Bezos to detail the applications of Amazon's face recognition software, Rekognition.[52] Additionally, statements by the Trump administration, in favor of overturning the antitrust law known as the Paramount Decree, have been predicted to help Amazon acquire the Landmark Theaters chain.[53] Criticism of Amazon's business practices continued in September 2018 when Senator Bernie Sanders introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop BEZOS) Act and accused Amazon of receiving corporate welfare.[54] This followed revelations by the non-profit group New Food Economy which found that one third of Amazon workers in Arizona, and one tenth of Amazon workers in Pennsylvania and Ohio, relied on food stamps.[55] While preparing to introduce the bill, Sanders opined "Instead of attempting to explore Mars or go to the moon, how about Jeff Bezos pays his workers a living wage?"[56] He later said "Bezos could play a profound role. If he said today, nobody who is employed at Amazon will receive less than a living wage, it would send a message to every corporation in America."[57] Sanders's efforts elicited a response from Amazon which pointed to the 130,000 jobs it created in 2017 and called the $28,446 figure for its median salary "misleading" as it included part-time workers.[58] However, Sanders countered that the companies targeted by his proposal have placed an increased focus on part-time workers to escape benefit obligations.[59] On October 2, 2018 Bezos announced a company-wide wage increase which Sanders applauded.[60] The American workers who were being paid the minimum wage had this increased to $15 per hour — a decision that was interpreted as support for the Fight for $15 movement.[61] Blue Origin{{Main|Blue Origin}}{{multiple image| align = right | direction = vertical | width = | image1 = NASA Deputy Administrator Tours Blue Origin.jpg | width1 = 220 | caption1 = Bezos giving NASA Deputy Administrator Lori Garver (fourth from left) a tour of Blue Origin's crew capsule in 2011. | image2 = Secretary of Defense Ash Carter meets with Jeff Bezos, May 5, 2016 (1).jpg | width2 = 220 | caption2 = U.S. Secretary of Defense Ash Carter meets with Bezos in 2016 at The Pentagon. }}In September 2000, Bezos founded Blue Origin, a human spaceflight startup company.[62] Bezos has long expressed an interest in space travel and the development of human life in the solar system.[20] He was the valedictorian when he graduated from high school in 1982. His speech was followed up with a Miami Herald interview in which he expressed an interest to build and develop hotels, amusement parks, and colonies for human beings who were in orbit.[63] The 18-year-old Bezos stated that he wanted to preserve Earth from overuse through resource depletion.[64] After its founding, Blue Origin maintained a low profile until 2006, when it purchased a large tract of land in West Texas for a launch and test facility.[65] After the company gained the public's attention during the late 2000s, Bezos additionally indicated his interest in reducing the cost of space travel for humans while also increasing the safety of extraterrestrial travel.[66] In September 2011, one of the company's unmanned prototype vehicles crashed during a short-hop test flight. Although the crash was viewed as a setback, news outlets noted how far the company went from its founding-to-date in advancing spaceflight.[67] In May 2013, Bezos met with Richard Branson, chairman of Virgin Galactic, to discuss commercial spaceflight opportunities and strategies.[68] He has been compared to Branson and Elon Musk as all three are billionaires who prioritize spaceflight among their business interests.[69] In 2015, Bezos announced that a new orbital launch vehicle was under development and would make its first flight in the late-2010s.[70] Later in November, Blue Origin's New Shepard space vehicle successfully rocketed into space and reached its planned test altitude of 329,839 feet (100.5 kilometers) before executing a vertical landing back at the launch site in West Texas. In 2016, Bezos allowed select journalists to visit, tour, and photograph his facility.[71] He has repeatedly called for increased inter-space energy and industrial manufacturing to decrease the negative costs associated with business-related pollution.[72] In December 2017, New Shepard successfully flew and landed dummy passengers, amending and pushing its human space travel start date into late 2018.[73] To execute this program, Blue Origin built six of the vehicles to support all phases of testing and operations: no-passenger test flights, flights with test passengers, and commercial-passenger weekly operations.[74] Since 2016, Bezos has spoken more freely about his hopes to colonize the solar system, and has been selling $1 billion in Amazon stock each year to capitalize Blue Origin in an effort to support this endeavor.[75][76] In May 2018, Bezos maintained that the primary goal of Blue Origin is to preserve the natural resources of Earth by making the human species multi-planetary.[77] He announced that New Shepard would begin transporting humans into sub-orbital space by November 2018.[77] In July 2018, it was announced that Bezos had priced commercial spaceflight tickets from $200,000 to $300,000 per person.[78] The Washington PostOn August 5, 2013, Bezos announced his purchase of The Washington Post for $250 million in cash.[79] To execute the sale, he established Nash Holdings, a limited liability holding company that legally owns the paper.[80] The sale closed on October 1, 2013, and Nash Holdings took control.[81] In March 2014, Bezos made his first significant change at The Washington Post and lifted the online paywall for subscribers of a number of U.S. local newspapers in Texas, Hawaii, and Minnesota.[82] In January 2016, Bezos set out to reinvent the newspaper as a media and technology company by reconstructing its digital media, mobile platforms, and analytics software.[83] Throughout the early years of ownership, Bezos was accused of having a potential conflict of interest with the paper.[84] Bezos and the newspaper's editorial board have dismissed accusations that he unfairly controlled the paper's content and Bezos maintains the paper's independence.[85][86] After a surge in online readership in 2016, the paper was profitable for the first time since Bezos made the purchase in 2013.[86] Bezos ExpeditionsBezos makes personal investments through his venture capital vehicle, Bezos Expeditions.[87] He was one of the first shareholders in Google, when he invested $250,000 in 1998. That $250,000 investment resulted in 3.3 million shares of Google stock, worth about $3.1 billion in 2017.[88][89] He also invested in Unity Biotechnology, a life-extension research firm hoping to slow or stop the process of aging.[90] Bezos is involved in the healthcare sector, which includes investments in Unity Biotechnology, Grail, Juno Therapeutics, and ZocDoc.[91] In January 2018, an announcement was made concerning Bezos's role within a new, unnamed healthcare company. This venture, later named Haven, is expected to be a partnership between Amazon, JPMorgan, and Berkshire Hathaway.[92][93] Public imageJournalist Nellie Bowles of The New York Times has described the public persona and personality of Bezos as that of "a brilliant but mysterious and coldblooded corporate titan".[94] During the 1990s, Bezos earned a reputation for relentlessly pushing Amazon forward, often at the expense of public charity and social welfare.[94][95] His business practices projected a public image of prudence and parsimony with his own wealth and that of Amazon. Bezos was a multi-billionaire who hung his clothes on a rack in his Amazon headquarters office and drove a 1996 Honda Accord.[96] Throughout the early 2000s, he was perceived to be geeky or nerdy, often wearing ill-fitting clothing and making a variety of social missteps.[97][98][99] Bezos was seen by the public as needlessly quantitative and data-driven.[100][101] This perception was detailed by Alan Deutschman who described him as "talking in lists" and "[enumerating] the criteria, in order of importance, for every decision he has made."[97] Select accounts of his persona have drawn controversy and public attention. Notably, journalist Brad Stone wrote an unauthorized book that described Bezos as a demanding boss as well as hyper-competitive.[95][100] Bezos has been stereotyped as a notoriously opportunistic CEO who operates with little concern for obstacles and externalities.[102][103] This depiction has been challenged by Bezos himself, his wife, Amazon employees, and the public as a mischaracterization.[104] During the early 2010s, Bezos solidified his reputation for aggressive business practices, and his public image began to shift. Bezos started to wear tailored clothing; he weight trained, pursued a regimented diet and began to freely spend his money.[105] His physical transformation has been compared to the transformation of Amazon; he is often referred to as the metonym of the company.[106][107] His physical appearance increased the public's perception of him as a symbolically dominant figure in business and in popular culture, wherein he has been parodied as an enterprising super villain.[108][109][110] Since 2017, he has been portrayed by Kyle Mooney and Steve Carrell on Saturday Night Live, usually as an undercutting, domineering figure.[111] Bezos eats exotic foods, such as octopus and roasted iguana.[112][113][114] In May 2014, the International Trade Union Confederation named Bezos, the "World's Worst Boss" with its general secretary Sharan Burrow saying "Jeff Bezos represents the inhumanity of employers who are promoting the North American corporate model."[115] During the late 2010s, Bezos reversed his reputation for being reluctant to spend money on non-business related expenses.[12] His relative lack of philanthropy compared to other billionaries, has drawn a negative response from the public since 2016.[116][12] Bezos has been known to publicly contest claims made in critical articles, as exemplified in 2015 when he sent a memo to employees denouncing a New York Times piece.[117][118] Leadership style{{quote box| title = "Day 1" Management Philosophy | quote = Day 1: start up Day 2: stasis Day 3: irrelevance Day 4: "excruciating, painful decline" Day 5: death | source = Bezos has stated "it is always Day 1" to describe his growth mindset.[119][120] | align = right | width = 20em | bgcolor = #CCDDFF | qalign = left | salign = left }}Bezos used what he called a "regret-minimization framework" while he worked at D. E. Shaw and again during the early years of Amazon.[121] He described this life philosophy by stating: "When I'm 80, am I going to regret leaving Wall Street? No. Will I regret missing the beginning of the Internet? Yes."[121] During the 1990s and early 2000s at Amazon, he was characterized as trying to quantify all aspects of running the company, often listing employees on spreadsheets and basing executive decisions on data.[122] To push Amazon forward, Bezos developed the mantra "Get Big Fast", which spoke to the company's need to scale its operations and establish market dominance.[31] He favored diverting Amazon profits back into the company in lieu of allocating it amongst shareholders in the form of dividends.[97] Bezos uses the term "work–life harmony" instead of the more standard work–life balance because he believes balance implies that you can have one and not the other.[123] He believes that work and home life are interconnected, informing and calibrating each other.[123] Journalist Walt Mossberg dubbed the idea that someone who cannot tolerate criticism or critique shouldn't do anything new or interesting, "The Bezos Principle".[124] Bezos does not schedule early morning meetings and enforces a two pizza rule–a preference for meetings to be small enough to where two pizzas can feed everyone in the board room.[125] When interviewing candidates for jobs at Amazon he has stated he considers three inquiries: can he admire the person, can the person raise the common standard, and under what circumstances could the person become exemplary.[126] He meets with Amazon investors for a total of only six hours a year.[125] Instead of using PowerPoints, Bezos requires high-level employees to present information with six-page narratives.[127] Starting in 1998, Bezos publishes an annual letter for Amazon shareholders wherein he frequently refers to five principles: focus on customers not competitors, take risks for market leadership, facilitate staff morale, build a company culture, and empower people.[128][129] Bezos maintains the email address "jeff@amazon.com" as an outlet for customers to reach out to him and the company.[130] Although he does not respond to the emails, he forwards some of them with a question mark in the subject line to executives who attempt to address the issues.[130] Bezos has cited Warren Buffett (of Berkshire Hathaway), Jamie Dimon (of JPMorgan Chase), and Bob Iger (of Walt Disney) as major influences on his leadership style.[131] RecognitionIn 1999, Bezos received his first major award when Time named him Person of the Year.[132] In 2008, he was selected by U.S. News & World Report as one of America's best leaders.[133] Bezos was awarded an honorary doctorate in science and technology from Carnegie Mellon University in 2008.[134] In 2011, The Economist gave Bezos and Gregg Zehr an Innovation Award for the Amazon Kindle.[135] In 2012, Bezos was named Businessperson of the Year by Fortune.[136] He is also a member of the Bilderberg Group and attended the 2011 Bilderberg conference in St. Moritz, Switzerland,[137] and the 2013 conference in Watford, Hertfordshire, England. He was a member of the Executive Committee of The Business Council for 2011 and 2012.[138] In 2014, he was ranked the best-performing CEO in the world by Harvard Business Review.[139] He has also figured in Fortune{{'}}s list of 50 great leaders of the world for three straight years, topping the list in 2015.[140] In September 2016, Bezos received a $250,000 prize for winning the Heinlein Prize for Advances in Space Commercialization, which he donated to the Students for the Exploration and Development of Space.[141] In February 2018, Bezos was elected to the National Academy of Engineering for "leadership and innovation in space exploration, autonomous systems, and building a commercial pathway for human space flight".[142] In March 2018, at the Explorers Club annual dinner, he was awarded the Buzz Aldrin Space Exploration Award in recognition of his work with Blue Origin.[112] He received Germany's 2018 Axel Springer Award for Business Innovation and Social Responsibility.[143] Time magazine named him one of the 100 most influential people in the world in their 2018 listing.[144] Wealth
Bezos first became a millionaire in 1997 after raising $54 million through Amazon's initial public offering (IPO).[145] He was first included on Forbes The World's Billionaires list in 1999 with a registered net worth of $10.1 billion.[146] His net worth decreased to $6.1 billion a year later, a 40.5% drop.[147] His wealth plummeted even more the following year, dropping 66.6% to $2.0 billion.[148] He lost $500 million the following year, which brought his net worth down to $1.5 billion.[149] The following year, his net worth increased by 104% to $2.5 billion.[150] From 2005 to 2007, he quadrupled his net worth to $8.7 billion.[151] After the financial crisis and succeeding economic recession, his net worth would erode to $6.8 billion—a 17.7% drop.[152][153] His wealth rose by 85.2% in 2010, leaving him with $12.6 billion. This percentage increase ascended him to the 43rd spot on the ranking from 68th.[152][154] After a rumor broke out that Amazon was developing a smartphone, Bezos's net worth rose to $30.5 billion in 2014.[155][156] A year later, Bezos entered the top ten when he increased his net worth to a total of $50.3 billion.[157] Bezos rose to be the 5th richest person in the world hours before market close; he gained $7 billion in one hour.[157] By the time the Forbes list was calculated in March 2016, his net worth was registered at $45.2 billion.[158] However, just months later in October 2016, his wealth increased by $16.2 billion to $66.5 billion unofficially ranking him the third richest person in the world behind Warren Buffett.[159] After sporadic jumps in Amazon's share price, in July 2017 he briefly unseated Microsoft cofounder Bill Gates as the wealthiest person in the world.[160] Bezos would continue to sporadically surpass Gates throughout the month of October 2017 after Amazon's share price fluctuated.[161] His net worth surpassed $100 billion for the first time on November 24, 2017, after Amazon's share price increased by more than 2.5%.[162] When the 2017 list was issued, Bezos's net worth was registered at $72.8 billion, adding $27.6 billion from the previous year.[163] Bezos was officially ranked as the third wealthiest person in the world up from the 5th spot in 2016.[163] His wealth's rapid growth from 2016 to 2017 sparked a variety of assessments about how much money Bezos earned on a controlled, reduced time scale. On October 10, 2017, he made an estimated $6.24 billion in 5 minutes, slightly less than the annual Gross Domestic Product of Kyrgyzstan.[164] On March 6, 2018, Bezos was officially designated the wealthiest person in the world with a registered net worth of $112 billion.[165] He unseated Bill Gates ($90 billion) who was $6 billion ahead of Warren Buffett ($84 billion), ranked third.[166] He is considered the first registered centi-billionaire (not adjusted for inflation).{{efn|Although Bill Gates momentarily surpassed the $100 billion net worth mark in April 1999 before the Dot-com bubble,[167] Bezos was the first to register $100 billion with major wealth indexes and has retained the wealth for longer than Gates's three weeks.[168][169][170][171]}} His wealth, in 2017–18 terms, equaled that of 2.7 million Americans.[172] Bezos's net worth increased by $33.6 billion from January 2017 to January 2018. This increase outstripped the economic development (in GDP terms) of more than 96 countries around the world.[173] During March 9, Bezos earned $230,000 every 60 seconds.[174] The Motley Fool estimated that if Bezos had not sold any of his shares from its original public offering in 1997, his net worth would sit at $181 billion in 2018.[175] According to Quartz, his net worth of $150 billion in July 2018 was enough to purchase the entire stock markets of Nigeria, Hungary, Egypt, Luxembourg, and Iran.[176] Following the report by Quartz, Amazon workers in Poland, Germany, and Spain participated in demonstrations and labor strikes to draw awareness to his growing wealth and the lack of compensation, labor rights, and satisfactory working conditions of select Amazon workers.[177] On July 17, 2018 he was designated the "wealthiest person in modern history"{{efn|Many calculations of Bezos' wealth during the late 2010s were not adjusted for inflation. When he was designated the "world wealthiest person" on March 6, 2018, the Forbes Bezos's wealth may be considerably reduced by his divorce with wife MacKenzie Bezos.[184] According to Forbes, if the Washington state common law applies for their divorce without a prenuptial agreement Bezos's wealth will be split 50–50 with his ex-wife.[185] In this case, she would become the wealthiest woman in the world.[186] Personal lifeIn 1992, Bezos was working for D. E. Shaw in Manhattan, New York City, when he met novelist MacKenzie Tuttle, who was a research associate at the firm; the couple married a year later.[187][188] In 1994, they moved across the country to Seattle, Washington, where Bezos founded Amazon.[189] He and his wife are the parents of four children: three sons, and one daughter adopted from China.[64][190] In March 2003, Bezos was one of three passengers in a helicopter that crashed in West Texas after the craft's tail boom hit a tree.[191] Bezos sustained minor injuries and was discharged from a local hospital the same day.[23] In 2016, Bezos played a Starfleet official in the movie Star Trek Beyond, and joined the cast and crew at a San Diego Comic-Con screening.[192] On January 9, 2019, Bezos and his wife of 25 years, MacKenzie, announced on Twitter their intent to divorce after a "long period" of separation.[193][194] On February 7, 2019, Bezos published an online essay accusing American Media, Inc. owner David Pecker of “extortion and blackmail” for threatening to publish intimate photos of Bezos and Lauren Sánchez if he did not stop his investigation into how his text messages and other photos had been leaked to the National Enquirer.[195][196] It later transpired that Bezos' girlfriend originally shared personal texts and pictures of Bezos with friends and others, before the accusations against Pecker.[197] PoliticsAccording to public campaign finance records, Bezos supported the electoral campaigns of Patty Murray and Maria Cantwell, two Democratic U.S. Senators from Washington. He has also supported U.S. representative John Conyers, as well as Patrick Leahy and Spencer Abraham, U.S. Senators serving on committees dealing with Internet-related issues.[198] Bezos and his wife support the legalization of same-sex marriage, and in 2012 contributed $2.5 million to Washington United for Marriage, a group supporting a yes vote on Washington Referendum 74, which affirmed a same-sex marriage law enacted in the state.[199] Bezos donated $100,000 towards a movement against a higher Washington state income tax in 2010.[198] In 2012, he donated to Amazon's political action committee (PAC),[198] which has given $56,000 and $74,500 to Democrats and Republicans, respectively.[200] After the 2016 presidential election, Bezos was invited to join Donald Trump's Defense Innovation Advisory Board, an advisory council to improve the technology used by the Defense Department. Bezos declined the offer without further comment.[39][201] Trump has repeatedly attacked Bezos via Twitter, accused Bezos of avoiding corporate taxes, gaining undue political influence, and undermining his presidency by spreading "fake news."[202][203] Bezos has repeatedly joked about using his rocket company to send Donald Trump into outer space.[204][205] In 2014, Amazon won a bid for a cloud computing contract with the CIA valued at $600 million.[206] A 2018, $10 billion contract known as the Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure (JEDI) project, this time with the Pentagon, was allegedly written up in a way that favors Amazon.[207] Controversy over this was raised when General James Mattis accepted a headquarters tour invitation from Bezos and co-ordinated the deal through Sally Donnelly, a lobbyist who previously worked for Amazon.[208] Despite Bezos's support for an open borders policy towards immigrants, Amazon has actively marketed facial recognition software to the ICE.[209] In March 2018, Bezos met in Seattle with Mohammad bin Salman, the crown prince and de facto ruler of Saudi Arabia, to discuss investment opportunities for Saudi Vision 2030.[210] Philanthropy{{POV-section|date=January 2019}}Bezos supports his philanthropic efforts through direct donations and non-profit projects funded by Bezos Expeditions.[211] Through Bezos Expeditions, he has funded the Bezos Center for Innovation at the Seattle Museum of History and Industry for $10 million and Bezos Center for Neural Circuit Dynamics at Princeton Neuroscience Institute for $15 million.[212][213] He has donated multiple times to the Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center: $10 million in 2009, $20 million in 2010, $15 million in 2011, and $35 million in 2017.[214] He also donated $800,000 to Worldreader, a non-profit, founded by a former Amazon employee.[215] In 2015, he funded the recovery of two Saturn V first-stage Rocketdyne F-1 engines from the floor of the Atlantic Ocean.[216] They were positively identified as belonging to the Apollo 11 mission's S-1C stage in July 2013.[217] The engine is currently on display at the Seattle Museum of Flight.[218] His philanthropic efforts have been negatively compared to those of Bill Gates and Warren Buffett.[12][219]On May 23, 2017, he gave $1 million to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press, the largest single gift received by the organization.[220] The committee provides pro bono legal services to protect the rights of American journalists.[220] In an interview at the George W. Bush Presidential Center later that month, Bezos voiced his attraction to engaging in strategic philanthropy to address systemic inequalities rather than outright charity.[221] On June 15, 2017, he sent a message on Twitter asking for ideas for philanthropy: "I'm thinking about a philanthropy strategy that is the opposite of how I mostly spend my time—working on the long term".[12] At the time of the post, Bezos's lifetime spending on charitable causes was estimated to be $100 million.[12] Multiple journalists responded by asking Bezos to pay higher wages to Amazon warehouse workers.[222] A year later in June, he tweeted that he would announce two philanthropic foci by the end of summer 2018.[223] An analysis of all 50,000 comments on the post concluded four areas of interest for Bezos's upcoming philanthropy: health care, education, workplace rights, and environmentalism.[223] In January 2018, he made a $33 million donation to TheDream.US, a college scholarship fund for undocumented immigrants who were brought to the United States when they were minors.[224] In June 2018, Bezos donated to Bill Gate In September 2018, Bezos donated $10 million to With Honor, a nonpartisan organization that aims to get armed forces veterans elected to political office.[229] Bezos's donation amounted to be one third of With Honor's total collection at the time. See also
Notes{{Notelist}}References1. ^[https://www.aol.com/article/finance/2018/01/23/jeff-bezos-and-bill-gates-live-less-than-1-mile-from-each-other-heres-where-the-rest-of-seattles-billionaires-live/23341525/ Jeff Bezos and Bill Gates live less than 1 mile from each other — here's where the rest of Seattle's billionaires live - AOL Finance] Retrieved December 12, 2018. 2. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/profile/jeff-bezos|title=Forbes Profile: Jeff Bezos|work=Forbes|access-date= |others=Real Time Net Worth|editor-link=Forbes|publication-place=Online: updated every 24-hour market cycle |quote=[Forbes real time net worths] are calculated from locked in stock prices and exchange rates from around the globe.... as well as the vetting of personal balance sheets...}} 3. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/posttv/national/jeff-bezos-pronounces-his-name/2013/08/07/c6992b0a-ffa9-11e2-96a8-d3b921c0924a_video.html |title=Jeff Bezos pronounces his name |year=2009 |website=The Washington Post |accessdate=August 17, 2013}}; and Robinson (2010), p. 7. 4. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2019/03/04/this-is-the-richest-person-in-the-world/#79bb3ada36db |title=This Is The Richest Person In The World |year=2019 |website=Forbes |accessdate=March 19, 2019}} 5. ^Robinson (2010), pp. 14, 100 6. ^Robinson (2010), pp. 14–15 7. ^Robinson (2010), p. 14, 18 8. ^Robinson (2010), p. 15 9. ^1 Robinson (2010), p. 17 10. ^Robinson (2010), p. 18 11. ^Robinson (2010), p. 16 12. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/business/media/jeff-bezos-amazon-rich-charity.html |title=At Last, Jeff Bezos Offers a Hint of His Philanthropic Plans |last=Frank |first=Robert |date=June 15, 2017 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331 |access-date=March 8, 2018}} 13. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/morning_call/2015/08/jeff-bezos-just-sold-534-million-worth-of-amazon.html |title=Jeff Bezos just sold $534 million worth of Amazon stock |last=Parkhurst |first=Emily |date=August 5, 2015 |website=Puget Sound Business Journal |accessdate=August 5, 2015}} 14. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.dallasnews.com/business/retail/2017/09/07/amazoncoms-jeff-bezos-big-roots-intexas-give-state-edge |title=Jeff Bezos' roots could give Texas an edge as Amazon.com looks for new HQ site |author= |date=September 7, 2017 |website=dallasnews.com |accessdate=March 10, 2018}} 15. ^Robinson (2010), p. 19 16. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bez0bio-1 |title=Biography and Video Interview of Jeff Bezos at Academy of Achievement |publisher=Achievement.org |accessdate=August 10, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/65rP9SPPk?url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bez0bio-1 |archivedate=March 2, 2012}} 17. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.miamiherald.com/news/local/community/miami-dade/article1953866.html |title=Jeff Bezos: A rocket launched from Miami's Palmetto High |last=Yanez |first=Luisa |date=August 5, 2013 |website=miamiherald|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url= |accessdate=February 11, 2018}} 18. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/03/bezos-3/ |title=The Inner Bezos |last=Bayers |first=Chip |website=WIRED |accessdate=February 11, 2018}} 19. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/42412/face-time-jeff-bezos |title=Face Time With Jeff Bezos |last=Fishman |first=Charles |date=January 31, 2001 |work=Fast Company|access-date=April 16, 2018}} 20. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/businesstechnology/2017883721_amazonbezos25.html |title=Amazon.com's Bezos invests in space travel, time |last=Martinez |first=Amy |date=March 31, 2012 |accessdate=August 10, 2013 |newspaper=The Seattle Times}} 21. ^1 Robinson (2010), p. 24 22. ^Robinson (2010), p. 26 23. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/50541/inside-mind-jeff-bezos-4 |title=Inside the Mind of Jeff Bezos |last=Deutschman |first=Alan |date=August 1, 2004 |website=Fast Company|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url= |accessdate=March 7, 2018}} 24. ^Robinson (2010), pp. 25–27 25. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bez0int-6 |title=Jeff Bezos Interview |publisher=Achievement.org |date=April 17, 2008 |accessdate=August 10, 2013 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130727231249/http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/page/bez0int-6 |archivedate=July 27, 2013}} 26. ^1 Robinson (2010), p. 7 27. ^{{cite web |url=http://archive.wired.com/wired/archive/7.03/bezos_pr.html |title=The Inner Bezos |last=Bayers |first=Chip |date=July 2003 |website= |publisher=Wired|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=April 30, 2018}} 28. ^Robinson (2010), p. 39 29. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/10/27/how-amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-went-from-the-son-of-a-teen-mom-to-the-worlds-richest-person.html |title=How Amazon's Jeff Bezos went from the son of a teen mom to the richest person in the world |last=Clifford |first=Catherine |date=October 27, 2017 |website=CNBC |accessdate=March 6, 2018}} 30. ^1 {{cite web |url=http://www.portfolio.com/resources/executive-profiles/Jeffrey-P-Bezos-1984 |title=Top Executive Profiles – Jeffrey P. 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|accessdate=December 29, 2017}} 163. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kerryadolan/2017/03/20/forbes-2017-billionaires-list-meet-the-richest-people-on-the-planet/ |title=Forbes 2017 Billionaires List: Meet The Richest People on the Planet |last=Dolan |first=Kerry A. |website=Forbes |accessdate=March 8, 2018}} 164. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.inc.com/bill-murphy-jr/jeff-bezos-made-62-billion-in-5-minutes-became-worlds-richest-person-how-was-your-thursday.html |title=Jeff Bezos Made $6.2 Billion in 5 Minutes and Became the World's Richest Person (How Was Your Thursday?) |last=Murphy |first=Bill |date=October 27, 2017 |work=Inc.com|access-date=April 29, 2018}} 165. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/business/business-news/trump-slumps-down-forbes-annual-list-billionaires-bezos-rises-top-n854141 |title=America produced the largest number of billionaires in the world |last=Bayly |first=Lucy |date=March 6, 2018 |website=NBC News|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url= |accessdate=April 30, 2018}} 166. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/forbes-2018-list-of-worlds-billionaires/ |title=Jeff Bezos moves to top spot on Forbes' annual billionaires list |accessdate=March 6, 2018}} 167. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2018/01/09/heres-why-jeff-bezos-is-not-truly-the-richest-person-in-history/ |title=Here's Why Jeff Bezos Is Not Truly The Richest Person In History |last=Kirsch |first=Noah |date= |work=Forbes|access-date=April 4, 2018}} 168. ^{{Cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2018/03/09/jeff-bezos-net-worth-jump/ |title=Jeff Bezos Had a Record-Breaking One-Year Net Worth Jump |last= |first= |date= |work=Fortune|access-date=April 4, 2018}} 169. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/luisakroll/2018/03/06/forbes-billionaires-2018-meet-the-richest-people-on-the-planet/ |title=Forbes Billionaires 2018: Meet The Richest People On The Planet |last=Kroll |first=Luisa |work=Forbes|access-date=April 4, 2018}} 170. ^{{Cite 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|url=http://www.valuewalk.com/2018/03/jeff-bezos-richest-man/ |title=Bezos' Billions: The Wealth of a 'Centi-Billionaire' |date=March 7, 2018 |website=ValueWalk |accessdate=March 8, 2018}} 174. ^{{Cite web |url=http://time.com/money/5192998/jeff-bezos-net-worth-2018-worlds-richest-man/ |title=Jeff Bezos Is Making an Insane $230,000 a Minute Right Now |last=Tuttle |first=Brad |date= |website=Money |access-date=March 28, 2018}} 175. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.fool.com/investing/2018/02/28/heres-what-amazon-ceo-jeff-bezos-would-be-worth-if.aspx |title=Here's How Much Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos Would Be Worth if He Never Sold a Single Share |last=Williams |first=Sean |website=The Motley Fool |accessdate=March 8, 2018}} 176. ^{{Cite news |url=https://qz.com/1330631/jeff-bezos-is-now-worth-150-billion-as-much-as-many-entire-stock-markets/ |title=Jeff Bezos is rich enough to buy many of the world's stock markets outright |last=Karaian |first=Jason |date=July 15, 2018 |work=Quartz|access-date=July 15, 2018}} 177. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/07/jeff-bezoss-massive-wealth-becoming-a-problem |title=Is Jeff Bezos's Massive Wealth Becoming a Problem? |last=Kosoff |first=Maya |date=July 17, 2018 |work=The Hive|access-date=July 17, 2018}} 178. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2018/01/09/heres-why-jeff-bezos-is-not-truly-the-richest-person-in-history/ |title=Here's Why Jeff Bezos Is Not Truly The Richest Person In History |last=Kirsch |first=Noah |date=March 6, 2018 |work=Forbes|access-date=July 17, 2018}} 179. ^1 {{Cite news |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/kathleenchaykowski/2018/07/17/jeff-bezos-net-worth-hits-record-151-billion-after-strong-amazon-prime-day/ |title=Jeff Bezos' Net Worth Hits Record $151 Billion After Strong Amazon 'Prime Day' |last=Chaykowski |first=Kathleen |date=July 17, 2018 |work=Forbes|access-date=July 17, 2018}} 180. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-07-16/happy-prime-day-jeff-amazon-ceo-s-net-worth-tops-150-billion |title=Jeff Bezos Becomes the Richest Man in Modern History, Topping $150 Billion |last= |first= |date=July 17, 2018 |work=Bloomberg.com|access-date=July 17, 2018}} 181. ^{{Cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2018/07/16/jeff-bezos-richest-man/ |title=Jeff Bezos Is Now the Richest Man in Modern History, Topping $150 Billion |last= |first= |date=July 17, 2018 |work=Fortune|access-date=July 17, 2018}} 182. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.marketwatch.com/story/jeff-bezos-becomes-the-richest-person-in-modern-history-amid-amazon-prime-day-kickoff-2018-07-16?link=MW_latest_news |title=Jeff Bezos becomes the richest person in modern history amid Amazon Prime Day kickoff |last=French |first=Sally |date=July 17, 2018 |work=MarketWatch|access-date=July 17, 2018}} 183. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/is-jeff-bezos-really-the-richest-of-them-all-1533893580|title=Is Jeff Bezos Really the Richest of Them All?|last=McGinty|first=Jo Craven|date=August 10, 2018|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=August 11, 2018}} 184. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-46814557|title=World's richest man Jeff Bezos divorces|date=January 10, 2019|publisher=|via=www.bbc.co.uk}} 185. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/noahkirsch/2019/01/09/jeff-bezos-worlds-richest-person-announces-divorce-after-25-years-of-marriage/#3293d2ff17db|title=Jeff Bezos, World’s Richest Person, Announces Divorce After 25 Years Of Marriage|last=Kirsch|first=Noah|date=January 9, 2019|website=Forbes|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 186. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/money/business/2019/01/10/who-mackenzie-bezos-she-may-soon-worlds-richest-woman/2536235002/|title=MacKenzie Bezos, author, philanthropist, and soon to be world's richest woman?|last=Snider|first=Mike|date=January 10, 2019|website=USA Today|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=}} 187. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite web |url=https://www.wired.com/1999/03/bezos-3/ |title=The Inner Bezos |last=Bayers |first=Chip |website=WIRED |accessdate=March 7, 2018}} 188. ^{{cite web |title=Quoted: She Said, He Said — MacKenzie Bezos Vs. Author of Book on Amazon |url=http://www.siliconbeat.com/2013/11/05/quoted-she-said-he-said-mackenzie-bezos-vs-author-of-book-on-amazon/ |website=SiliconBeat |publisher=The Mercury News |author=Levi Sumagaysay |date=November 5, 2013 |quote=I have firsthand knowledge of many of the events. I worked for Jeff (Bezos) at D. E. Shaw}} 189. ^{{cite web |last=Bayers |first=Chip |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/7.03/bezos_pr.html |title=The Inner Bezos |website=Wired |volume=7 |issue=03 |accessdate=August 23, 2013}} 190. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.cnn.com/2013/04/05/us/jeff-bezos-fast-facts |title=Jeff Bezos Fast Facts |publisher=CNN |date=March 24, 2016}} 191. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB104742483556702500 |title=Amazon Chief Survives Helicopter Crash in Texas |author=Nick Wingfield |archiveurl= |archivedate= |deadurl= |accessdate=March 7, 2018 |newspaper=The Wall Street Journal}} 192. ^{{cite web |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos reveals Star Trek Beyond alien cameo |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/entertainment-arts-36857001 |publisher=BBC |accessdate=February 22, 2017}} 193. ^{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/JeffBezos/status/1083004911380393985|title=pic.twitter.com/Gb10BDb0x0|last=Bezos|first=Jeff|date=January 9, 2019|website=@JeffBezos|access-date=January 10, 2019}} 194. ^{{cite web |date=July 21, 2016 |title=Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos are getting divorced after 25 years of marriage |url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/01/09/tech/jeff-bezos-wife-divorce/index.html |publisher=CNN |accessdate=January 9, 2019}} 195. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/technology/jeff-bezos-national-enquirer-blackmail.html|title=Jeff Bezos Accuses National Enquirer of ‘Extortion and Blackmail’|first=Karen|last=Weise|date=February 7, 2019|work=The New York Times|accessdate=February 7, 2019}} 196. ^{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@jeffreypbezos/no-thank-you-mr-pecker-146e3922310f|title=No thank you, Mr. Pecker|first=Jeff|last=Bezos|date=February 7, 2019|publisher=Medium.com|accessdate=February 7, 2019}} 197. ^{{cite news |last1=Howard Kurtz |title=Bezos' girlfriend shared his texts, photos with friends before Enquirer leak |url=https://www.foxnews.com/tech/bezos-girlfriend-shared-his-texts-photos-with-friends-before-enquirer-leak?fbclid=IwAR3V5htQpyD5jsu61qZKwTXEdh8OvN9GO7wgbJzAwSWNsUv8G81eOPpYNeQ |accessdate=13 February 2019 |work=Fox News |date=12 February 2019 |quote=It could not be determined whether any of the material that Sanchez shared with friends was sexually explicit. But it casts the probe in a new light at a time when Bezos, who owns The Washington Post, is accusing the Enquirer's parent company}} 198. ^1 2 {{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2013/08/07/the-politics-of-jeff-bezos/ |title=The politics of Jeff Bezos |last=Sullivan |first=Sean |date=August 7, 2013 |website=Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |accessdate=March 7, 2018}} 199. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/2012/07/28/us-usa-gaymarriage-bezos-idUSBRE86R01320120728 |title=Amazon's Jeff Bezos, wife, make $2.5 million donation for gay marriage |last=Porterfield |first=Elaine |date=July 28, 2012 |accessdate=August 23, 2013 |agency=Reuters}} 200. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.opensecrets.org/pacs/pacgot.php?cmte=C00360354&cycle=2012 |title=Amazon.com Contributions to Federal Candidates, 2012 cycles|publisher=Center for Responsive Politics|accessdate=March 7, 2018}} 201. ^{{cite web |url=http://money.cnn.com/2016/08/02/investing/donald-trump-hillary-clinton-billionaires-warren-buffett/index.html |title=The Hillary Clinton billionaires club |last=La Monica |first=Paul R. |date=August 2, 2016 |website=|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date= |newspaper=CNN}} 202. ^{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2017/06/28/donald-trump-twitter-jeff-bezos/ |title=How to Understand Donald Trump's #AmazonWashingtonPost Tweet in 3 Easy Steps |last=Abramson |first=Alana |date= |website=Fortune|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url= |accessdate=March 9, 2018}} 203. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/slammed-by-trump-amazons-jeff-bezos-chooses-the-silent-treatment-1523282400 |title=Slammed by Trump, Amazon's Jeff Bezos Chooses Silence |last=Stevens |first=Laura |date=April 9, 2018 |work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=April 9, 2018|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url= |last2=Nicholas |first2=Peter}} 204. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/02/why-jeff-bezos-is-pouring-amazon-cash-into-trumps-swamp |title=Why Jeff Bezos Is Dumping Cash into Trump's Swamp |last=Kosoff |first=Maya |website=The Hive |accessdate=March 9, 2018}} 205. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-fix/wp/2015/12/07/donald-trump-called-out-jeff-bezos-on-twitter-then-bezos-called-his-bluff/ |title=Donald Trump called out Jeff Bezos on Twitter. Then Bezos called his bluff. |last=Cillizza |first=Chris |date=December 7, 2015 |website=Washington Post |issn=0190-8286 |accessdate=March 9, 2018}} 206. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/norman-solomon/why-amazons-collaboration_b_4824854.html|title=Why Amazon's collaboration with the CIA is so ominous — and vulnerable|first=Norman|last=Solomon|publisher=The Huffington Post|date=February 20, 2014|accessdate=September 14, 2018}} 207. ^{{cite web|url=https://federalnewsradio.com/contractsawards/2018/08/dods-10b-cloud-contract-comes-under-protest-11-days-after-final-rfp/|title=DoD's $10B cloud contract comes under protest 11 days after final RFP|first=Jason|last=Miller|publisher=Federal News Radio|date=August 7, 2018}} 208. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|title="Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon": Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?|first=May|last=Jeong|publisher=Vanity Fair|date=August 13, 2018|accessdate=September 14, 2018}} 209. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/amazon-pushes-ice-to-buy-its-face-recognition-surveillance-tech|title="Amazon Pushes ICE to Buy Its Face Recognition Surveillance Tech"|first=Jake|last=Laperruque|publisher=The Daily Beast|date=October 23, 2018|accessdate=October 23, 2018}} 210. ^"Saudi crown prince meets Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos in Seattle". Arab News. March 31, 2018. 211. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/15/technology/jeff-bezos-amazon-twitter-charity.html |title=Jeff Bezos Wants Ideas for Philanthropy, So He Asked Twitter |last=Wingfield |first=Nick |date=June 15, 2017 |website=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url= |accessdate=March 8, 2018}} 212. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.princeton.edu/main/news/archive/S32/37/48S39/index.xml?section=topstories |title=Princeton University – Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos donate $15 million to create center in Princeton Neuroscience Institute |last=Stevens |first=Ruth |date= |website=princeton.edu|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=December 13, 2011}} 213. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.mohai.org/press-media/press-releases/item/2612-jeff-and-mackenzie-bezos-flip-the-switch-on-new-bezos-center-for-innovation-at-mohai-kicking-off-saturday-launch-celebration |title=Jeff and MacKenzie Bezos Flip the Switch on New Bezos Center for Innovation at MOHAI, Kicking Off Saturday Launch Celebration |website=mohai.org |accessdate=December 31, 2017}} 214. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.insidephilanthropy.com/guide-to-individual-donors/jeff-bezos.html |title=Guide to Individual Donors: Tech Philanthropists: Jeff Bezos |last= |first= |date= |website=Inside Philanthropy|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url=|access-date=June 26, 2018}} 215. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.geekwire.com/2014/jeff-bezos-donates-20-million-fred-hutchinson-cancer-research-center |title=Amazon CEO Jeff Bezos and family donate $20M to Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center |last=Soper |first=Taylor |website=GeekWire |accessdate=December 31, 2017}} 216. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.bezosexpeditions.com/engine-recovery.html |title=F-1 Engine Recovery: Bezos Expeditions |author=DEI Creative in Seattle, WA |website=bezosexpeditions.com}} 217. ^{{cite web |url=http://www.space.com/22044-apollo-rocket-engines-bezos.html |title=Rocket Engine Part Recovered by Amazon CEO Has Apollo 11 History |last=Pearlman |first=Robert Z. |date=July 19, 2013 |newspaper=Space.com |accessdate=August 10, 2013 |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/6IlYwWLPu?url=http://www.space.com/22044-apollo-rocket-engines-bezos.html |archivedate=August 10, 2013 |deadurl=no |location=New York}} 218. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.museumofflight.org/Exhibits/apollo-f-1-engine-preview |title=Apollo F-1 Engine Preview {{!}} The Museum of Flight|last=|first=|date=|website=www.museumofflight.org|access-date=April 4, 2018}} 219. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon-a-virtual-no-show-in-hometown-philanthropy/|title=Amazon a virtual no-show in hometown philanthropy|last=Martinez|first=Amy|date=March 31, 2012|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=December 29, 2017|last2=Heim|first2=Kristi}} 220. ^1 {{cite web |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/4038657/jeff-bezos-just-gave-1-million-to-the-reporters-committee-for-freedom-of-the-press |title=Jeff Bezos just gave $1 million to the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press |last=Grothaus |first=Michael |date=May 24, 2017 |website=Fast Company|archive-url=|archive-date=|dead-url= |accessdate=March 8, 2018}} 221. ^{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/business/india-business/worlds-richest-man-jeff-bezos-future-plans-space-tour-philanthropy-more/articleshow/64016666.cms |title=World's richest man Jeff Bezos' future plans: Space tour, philanthropy & more - Times of India |last=Hersh |first=Kenneth |date=May 3, 2018 |work=The Times of India|access-date=June 20, 2018 |quote=Mental incapacity issues are a very hard-to-cure problem, serious drug addiction, a very hard-to-cure problem, but there's another bucket of homelessness which is transient homelessness, which is a woman with kids, the father runs away, and he was the only person providing any income and they have no support system, they have no family. That's transient homelessness. You can really help that person. And you by the way, only need to help them for like six to nine months, you get them trained, you get them a job, they're perfectly productive members of society.}} 222. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/jeff-bezos-workers_us_59a7220fe4b07e81d354e6e3|first=Frederick|last=Kunkle|title=Jeff Bezos wants to give more money to charity. He should pay his workers first.|publisher=The Huffington Post|date=September 1, 2017|accessdate=September 19, 2018}} 223. ^1 {{Cite news |url=http://observer.com/2018/06/what-has-jeff-bezos-chosen-to-spend-his-140b-on-we-have-4-guesses/ |title=What Has Jeff Bezos Chosen to Spend His $140B On? We Have 4 Guesses. |last=Cao |first=Sissi |date=June 6, 2018 |work=Observer|access-date=June 6, 2018}} 224. ^{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/powerpost/wp/2018/01/12/jeff-bezos-donates-33-million-to-scholarship-fund-for-dreamers/ |title=Jeff Bezos donates $33 million to scholarship fund for 'dreamers' |last1=O'Keefe |first1=Ed |last2=Anderson |first2=Nick |date=January 12, 2018 |newspaper=The Washington Post}} 225. ^{{Cite news |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/backed-bill-gates-jeff-bezos-breakthrough-energy-ventures-places-first-bets-power-storage/ |title=Backed by Bill Gates and Jeff Bezos, Breakthrough Energy Ventures places first bets on power storage |last=Boyle |first=Alan |date=June 18, 2018 |work=GeekWire|access-date=June 18, 2018 |quote=We are committed to doing our part and filling this capital need by coming together in a new coalition. We will form a network of private capital committed to building a structure that will allow informed decisions to help accelerate the change to the advanced energy future our planet needs. Success requires a partnership of increased government research, with a transparent and workable structure to objectively evaluate those projects, and committed private-sector investors willing to support the innovative ideas that come out of the public research pipeline.}} 226. ^{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/sep/13/amazon-jeff-bezos-philanthropy-day-one-fund|title=Jeff Bezos to fund schools where 'child will be the customer' with new charity|last=Levin|first=Sam|date=September 13, 2018|website=The Guardian|access-date=September 13, 2018}} 227. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/jeff-bezos-to-create-2-billion-fund-for-homeless-preschools-1536856739|title=Jeff Bezos to Create $2 Billion Fund for Homeless, Preschools|last=Stevens|first=Laura|date=September 13, 2018|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=September 13, 2018}} 228. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/angelauyeung/2018/09/13/jeff-bezos-amazon-philanthropy-giving-billion-dollar-fund/|title=Jeff Bezos Unveils Multibillion-Dollar Plans For Charitable Giving|last=Au-Yeung|first=Angel|date=September 13, 2018|work=Forbes|access-date=September 13, 2018}} 229. ^{{Cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2018/09/05/technology/jeff-bezos-donation-with-honor/index.html|title=Jeff Bezos donates $10 million to organization that helps veterans run for office|last=Goldman|first=David|date=September 5, 2018|website=CNNMoney|access-date=December 17, 2018}} }} == Sources ==
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External links{{Sister project links|wikt=no|commons=Category:Jeff Bezos|n=Jeff Bezos|q=Jeff Bezos|s=no|b=no|voy=no|v=no|d=No|species=no}}
}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Bezos, Jeff}} 27 : 1964 births|21st-century American businesspeople|Amazon.com people|American adoptees|American aerospace businesspeople|American billionaires|American chairmen of corporations|American computer businesspeople|American computer scientists|American Internet company founders|American investors|American mass media owners|American online retailer founders|American people of Scandinavian descent|American philanthropists|American technology chief executives|American technology company founders|Blue Origin people|Businesspeople from Albuquerque, New Mexico|Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences|Life extensionists|Living people|People in the space industry|Princeton University alumni|Space advocates|The Washington Post publishers|People from Medina, Washington |
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