1. Etymology

2. Weapons and tactics

3. Battle appearances
    Parthian  Sassanian 

4. See also

5. References

The Grivpanvar (literally: neck-guard wearer), were an elite late Parthian and Sassanian division who fought as heavy Cataphract cavalry. According to Roman sources, the Grivpanvar had the ability to impale two men on the long, heavy spears that they carried. Historical evidence suggests that the heavily armoured Parthian grivpanvar were at least partially influenced by the military of the Central Asian steppes, who in turn had inherited their armoured cavalry traditions from the Massagetae and the late Achaemenid Persians.

Etymology

The name Grivpanvar derives from the Middle Persian term grīw-bān (neck-guard), a helmet armour guard, from whence "grivpan" warrior. In the 3rd century AD, the Romans began to deploy such cavalry calling them clibanarii, a name thought to derive from griwbanwar or griva-pana-bara.^[1]

Weapons and tactics

Weapons and tactics used by the Grivpanvars were analogous to those of cataphract cavalry. Clad in chain mail with a breastplate and strong scale armour, they were armed with the famed Kontos lance used by many Iranian peoples during antiquity. To supplement their lances, it is possible that the Grivpanvar also carried armaments for use at close quarters such as long swords and maces.^[2] Their military tactics were also similar to the cataphracts and used “shock tactics” to wear down the enemy with successive cavalry charges prior to the administration of the final coup de grâce.^[3]

Battle appearances

Parthian

Heavy grivpanvar knights appeared in many of the later Parthian and Sassanian battles, with one of the best-known encounters of the Parthian grivpanvar occurring at the Battle of Nisibis in 217 against the Roman army of Emperor Macrinus. According to the Roman historian Herodian, the imperial Parthian army led by Emperor Artabanus IV of Parthia, reformed many of their armies and units resulting in the emergence of a new force of camel mounted cataphracts. The grivpanvar appear to have been used against the heavy Roman legionaries. At dawn, the Parthians charged their heavily armored camels and grivpanvar cavalry into the Roman lines, but as they approached the Roman forces withdrew, leaving large numbers of caltrops behind, with fatal results. The Parthians' horses and camels stepped onto these lethal weapons and fell, taking their riders with them thereby breaking the momentum of the charge.^[4] This vicious battle was the last Roman encounter with the Parthian grivpanvar.

Sassanian

The Sassanians continued to use the grivpanvar in their armies, starting from the reign of Ardashir I until the final ruler Yazdegerd III lost his throne. One of the first deployments of Sassanian grivpanvar occurred at the Battle of Edessa in 259 AD, where a powerful army of Sassanians led by the emperor Shapur I came under assault from Roman sovereign Valerian's soldiers, including the renowned and elite imperial Praetorian Guard. During the battle, the relatively small 40,000-strong Sassanian army crushed a 70,000-strong Roman force. Although little is known of the battle, records show that the Sassanians used grivpanvar in their army along with lightly armed horse archers.^[5] After the battle, emperor Valerian and many other high-ranking officials were captured by Shapur. The result was an overwhelming Persian victory, with the entire Roman force slaughtered or captured in stark comparison to the minimal number of Persian casualties.^[6]

The Sassanians used grivpanvar during Shapur II's Arab campaign in 342 AD, when Shapur ordered his troops to destroy an Arab force that had attacked the southern borders of his empire.{{cn|date=June 2017}}

In 363, Julian the Apostate marshaled an army of 60,000 Roman troops to invade the Sassanid territory with the intention of ravaging the Imperial capital at Ctesiphon. The Persian Shah, Shapur II, realized that his soldiers' only chance of challenging the well-trained and better-equipped Romans was a clandestine attack. During the Battle of Ctesiphon, the grivpanvar were marshalled in a futile attempt to crush the invading Romans; the grivpanvar stood alongside the clibinarii on the wings of the Sassanian army, which failed defeat the Roman forces.

See also

• Cataphract
• Clibinarii
• Pushtigban Body Guards
• Sassanid army
• Spahbod
• Byzantine army
• Late Roman army
• Roman-Persian Wars
• Derbent, the only surviving Sassanid fortress
• Persian war elephants

References

• Sir John Isham, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Ivan George Cadogan
• Sir John Jackson, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Jacob, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Jacob Astor
• Sir John James, 1st Baronet
• Sir John James Skehel
• Sir John Jennings
• Sir John Jervis-White-Jervis, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Johnson-Walsh, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Johnston, 3rd Baronet
• Sir John Johnstone, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Jolles
• Sir John Keane
• Sir John Kennaway, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Key
• Sir John Killigrew
• Sir John Kirk
• Sir John Knight
• Sir John Kotalawala College
• Sir John Lambert, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Langham, 1st Baronet
• Sir John Lauder
• Sir John Leach
• Sir John Le Couteur