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词条 Gulbarg Society massacre
释义

  1. 28 February 2002

  2. Aftermath

  3. Sting operation

  4. Allegations against Narendra Modi and SIT report

  5. Court Judgement

  6. In popular culture

  7. See also

  8. References

  9. External links

{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}{{Islamophobia}}

The Gulbarg Society massacre took place on 28 February 2002, during the 2002 Gujarat riots, when a crowd started stone pelting the Gulbarg Society, a Muslim neighbourhood in Chamanpura, Ahmedabad. Most of the houses were burnt, and at least 35 victims, including a former Congress Member of Parliament, Ehsan Jafri, were burnt alive, while 31 others went missing after the incident, later presumed dead, bringing the total deaths to 69.[1][2][1][2][3]

The Supreme Court of India had stayed the trial in major Gujarat cases on petitions filed by the National Human Rights Commission and the Citizens for Justice and Peace, who sought a probe by the Central Bureau of Investigation and transfer of the cases outside Gujarat. The SC bench on 26 March 2008, directed[4] the Gujarat government to constitute a Special Investigation Team (SIT), headed by R. K. Raghavan, a former head of the Central Bureau of Investigation (CBI) in the case. It reopened nine crucial riot cases. Seven years after the incident, in February 2009, Erda, the Deputy Superintendent of Police with the Gujarat Police at the time was arrested on charges of dereliction of duty and for tampering with evidence, as some survivors alleged that he not only allowed the killings to happen but also helped rioters to burn the dead bodies.[5] The SIT finally submitted its report on 14 May 2010 to the apex court registry of the Supreme Court, after which the Supreme Court asked the SIT to look into the doubts raised by amicus curiae Raju Ramchandran.[6][7][10] SIT submitted its entire report including case papers, witnesses' testimonies and other details on 15 March 2012.[8][9][10] On 17 June 2016, Eleven people convicted of murder in the Gulbarg Society massacre were sentenced to life in jail by a special SIT court.[11]

The Society, with most of the houses damaged or burnt, was later abandoned. Of the eighteen houses which were burnt, only one has been repaired. Although none of the families returned, some of them congregate each year on the anniversary of the event and offer prayers.[12][13]

28 February 2002

At 9 am on 28 February 2002, a day after the 2002 Gujarat riots had begun, a mob shouting slogans gathered outside the Gulbarg Society in the Hindu-dominated[14] Chamanpura area of Ahmedabad. The Society comprised 29 bungalows and 10 apartment buildings, housing mostly Muslim upper-middle-class business families. Many of the residents reacted to the presence of the mob by taking refuge in the home of a former Congress MP, Ehsan Jafri. It was claimed that Jafri unsuccessfully made repeated attempts to contact the police by telephone. By noon, the mob had turned violent, breached the boundary wall and started to set fire to houses and attack residents. 69 people died during the following six hours and at least a further 85 were injured. Among the dead was Ehsan Jafri, who was hacked to death and later burnt, while at least another 35 people were either hacked to death or burned alive.[15][3][20][16][17]

Aftermath

The National Human Rights Commission (NHRC) said in June 2002, that it was "deeply disturbed by recent press reports stating that the chargesheets filed thus far in respect of the Gulbarg Society and Naroda Patiya incidents lack credibility in as much as they are reported to depict the victims of violence as the provocateurs."[18] NHRC had previously recommended that cases like Best Bakery case, Gulbarg Society case, the Naroda Patia incident and the Sardarpura case in Mehsana district be handed over to CBI.[19]

The Supreme Court, on 26 March 2008, ordered the Narendra Modi government to re-investigate ten cases in the 2002 Gujarat riots, including the Godhra train burning and subsequent Godhra riots, where 81 people were killed, Gulbarg Society where 68 were killed, Naroda Patia where over 100 were killed, Sardarpur where 34 were killed and Best Bakery case where 14 people were burnt alive.[20] Zakiya Jafri, wife of Ehsan Jafri, who was burnt alive on the day, first made the complaint on 8 June 2006 alleging that the police had not registered the FIRs against Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi, and 62 others including several ministers and alleging a conspiracy to allow the massacre of Muslims, which involved instructing policemen and bureaucrats not to respond to pleas for help from Muslims being attacked during the riots. The complaint included VHP leaders Praveen Togadia and Jaideep Patel, DGP of the state PC Pande for abetting the riots. She then approached the Gujarat High Court with her complaint, which on 3 November 2007, refused to entertain her plea, and instead asked her to present the case before magistrate's court. Subsequently, she approached the Supreme Court of India, which on 27 April 2009 appointed a five-member Special Investigation Team (SIT) headed by R. K. Raghavan, a former head of the CBI, to investigate into these cases, and asked the SIT to look into her complaint of alleged collusion of the state machinery and the rioters over the two days of Gujarat riots.[21]

In March 2009, Indian National Congress leader Meghsingh Chaudhary at the instance of SIT was arrested for active participation in the Gulbarg Society massacre.[22] It alleged that he was a part of the armed mob, egging them on to kill the Muslims, along with others.[23] Then in March 2010, SIT summoned Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi to give an explanation regarding accusations against him in the murder of Ehsan Jaffri, who was burnt alive, along with nearly 70 other people in the Gulbarg Society. He appeared before the SIT on 27 Mar 2010. Earlier, R B Sreekumar, who was Additional DG Intelligence at the time, deposed before a commission that ministers and police were "deliberately inactive during the riots" and two eyewitnesses Roopa Modi and Imtiyaz Pathan testified against Modi in the trial court. Imtiaz who lost six members of his family during the massacre, was the one to give the first eyewitness account in the trial which started in September 2009, after being held up for 7 years. He told the court that when a mob started gathering outside Gulbarg Society on 28 February, MP Jafri called Chief Minister Narendra Modi for help, yet the police refused to come for help. He identified 20 of the 100 accused, arrested in the case.[24][25][26] In all, the eyewitness who appeared before the SIT in December 2009, namely, Imtiyaz Pathan, Saeedkhan Pathan, Roopa Mody, Saira Sandhi and Rafiq Pathan named joint commissioner of police MK Tandon and Meghaninagar police inspector ND Parmar, Manish Patel alias Splendor, Mahendra Pukhraj, Jagroopsinh Rajput, Inio Harijan, Babu Marwadi and Rajesh Jinger, a constable residing in the same area, as accused.[27]

In March 2010, the Gulbarg Society case trial was stayed by the Supreme Court after the special public prosecutor R K Shah resigned after accusing the trial judge and SIT of being "soft on the accused". He alleged that, "The SIT officers are unsympathetic towards witnesses, they try to browbeat them and don't share evidence with the prosecution as they are supposed to do."[28] Later, activist Teesta Setalvad in an affidavit filed before the Supreme court on 24 April 2010, showed the phone record analysis which indicated that "Ahmedabad police commissioner P C Pande had spoken to joint commissioner of police M K Tandon six times during the period when the latter was present at Gulbarg Society and the mob was growing restive. Though Tandon was accompanied by "striking force" equipped to disperse a riotous mob, he left Gulbarg Society without taking any corrective action and his departure led to the massacre ...".[29]

On 14 May 2010, the SIT submitted a report under sealed cover. Prior to this, the SIT had requested additional time to report as it wanted to question VHP International president, Praveen Togadia, which it did on 11 May 2010.[6][30]

On 15 December 2010, Zakia Jafri and other victims filed an application with the Supreme Court, requesting it to direct SIT to submit the report before the Ahmedabad court as ordered by the SC, within 30 days.[31] Thereafter on 8 February 2012, SIT submitted its final report to a Gujarat magistrate's court, which after evaluating it would decide whether further investigation was required or not.[32]

In its closure report filed in the Zakia Jafri case, the SIT submitted that Jafri was killed because he provoked a "violent mob" that had assembled "to take revenge of Godhra incident from the Muslims". It further submitted that Jafri fired at the mob and "the provoked mob stormed the society and set it on fire."[33][34][35]

Sting operation

In October 2007, the Aaj Tak New Channel showed footage of a sting operation carried out by Tehelka magazine, wherein 14 VHP or Bajrang Dal activists, including, Madan Chawal, a Gulbarg Society massacre accused, and a Bharatiya Janata Party MLA from Godhra, Haresh Bhatt who was national vice-president of Bajrang Dal during the riots, were shown talking about the execution of the killings .[36][37] The investigative journalists' reports were finally published in the 3 November 2007 issue of Tehelka as Gujarat 2002 – Tehelka report.{{citation needed|date=June 2016}}

On June 18, 2016, Special court junked the evidence provided by investigative journalist with the observation that the entire transcript was not tendered before the probe agency or the court.[38]

Allegations against Narendra Modi and SIT report

However, in April 2012, a Special Investigation Team absolved the then Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi of any role in the killing of Ehsan Jafri[39] Later a protest petition was filed by his wife Zakia Jafri seeking rejection of the said SIT report and Supreme Court accepted the same and the case is under process of being heard.[40][41][42] SIT has strongly opposed this petition[43] and said that "Modi has never said that go and kill people".[44] Later Court through Gujarat High Court stayed the routine transfer of the metropolitan magistrate hearing the petition on the information of the amicus curiae, Harish Salve, that the routine transfer due to the end of his term may delay the case.[41][42] In 2004, in an interview with Hardnews, Former Chief Justice of India V N Khare alleged that massacre could not have taken place without the complicity of Gujarat Chief Minister Narendra Modi. Khare has said that in his opinion Narendra Modi should be criminally prosecuted for genocide and manslaughter for the Gulbarga Society Massacre.[45] Reacting to this observation, Modi did not make any statement but said that he could not distinguish between khare (just) and khote (unjust). He said that Khare was no longer holding the high office and his statement should be seen in this light.[46]

However, in December 2013, Ahmedabad Metropolitan court rejected the petition filed by Zakia.[47] Zakia filed a Criminal Revision Application against the order in the Gujarat High Court on 15 March 2014.[47][48][49][50][51][52] The final hearing on the case started on 4 August 2015 in Gujarat high court.[53][54][55] In April 2014,Supreme Court praised SIT probe into the riot cases,[56] and also declined to reconstitute another SIT for probing Gujarat riots.[57][58][59]

Court Judgement

Gulbarg Society Massacre trial restarted at a special court with Supreme Court monitored Special Investigation Team acting as prosecution. On June 18, 2016, Court convicted 24 persons. 11 convicted for life, 1 convicted for 10 years and the remaining 12 given seven years of rigorous imprisonment.[60] The judgement termed the killings "unfortunate" and the "darkest day in the civil society of Gujarat", but reiterated that "it was the private firing by Shri Ehsan Jafri that acted as a catalyst and which infuriated the mob to such an extent that the mob went out of control…".[60] This was despite the fact that survivors of the Gulbarg massacre said that Jafri fired his gun only in self defence after the violent mob started attacking the complex.[61]

Dismissing the allegations of a "larger conspiracy" behind the post-Godhra riots, including the Gulberg Society massacre, involving politicians and government machinery, special designated judge P B Desai said in his judgment that "the controversy, in my opinion, has been laid to rest and is required to be given its due burial". Judgement further stated that "…much attempts have been made to rake up this issue time and again, applications were tendered in the course of the present proceedings and independent proceedings have been initiated to seek reliefs under Section 319 of CrPC to arraign as co-accused senior police officers and other government officials, and such proceedings have been found to be without merit by all courts at all levels, including the Hon'ble Supreme Court of India.......no material has been considered even prima facie worthwhile to arraign such senior police officers and government officials and politicians in power as accused in a number of proceedings, including the present proceedings, and in my opinion, therefore, it would be unsafe and improper to even have a further discussion on this aspect.".[38][62]

In popular culture

Rahul Dholakia directed, Parzania (2005), starring Naseeruddin Shah and Sarika as the Parsi couple, Rupa and Dara Mody of the Gulbarg Society, whose 10-year-old son Azhar Mody went missing after a mob attack.[63][64] Subsequently, at the 2006 National Film Awards the film won two awards, the National Film Award for Best Actress for Sarika, as well as award for National Film Award for Best Direction. The film was not released in Gujarat, as the cinema owners refused to screen it fearing backlash.[65][66][67][68]

See also

  • List of massacres in India
  • Naroda Patiya massacre
  • Violence against Muslims in India

References

1. ^Shelton, p. 502
2. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/the-gulbarg-society-massacre-what-happened-17556.php|title=The Gulbarg Society massacre: What happened|date=11 March 2010|publisher=NDTV}}
3. ^1 {{cite news| title =Safehouse of Horrors| work = Tehelka| url =http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp&page=1| date = 3 November 2007}}
4. ^{{cite news| url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/03/27/stories/2008032754591300.htm | location=Chennai, India | work=The Hindu | title=Notify SIT in ten days: court | date=27 March 2008}}
5. ^{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/erda-exdy-sp-arrested-for-role-in-2002-gujarat-riots/84965-3.html|title=Erda, ex-Dy SP arrested for role in 2002 Gujarat riots Gaurav Shaha and Meghdoot Sharon|date= 10 February 2009|publisher=CNN-IBN}}
6. ^1 2 {{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Apex-court-SIT-submits-report-on-Gulbarg-Society-massacre/Article1-543728.aspx|title=Apex court SIT submits report on Gulbarg Society massacre|date=14 May 2010|work=Hindustan Times}}
7. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/timeline-zakia-jafri-vs-modi-in-2002-gujarat-riots-case/article1-1166448.aspx|title=Timeline: Zakia Jafri vs Modi in 2002 Gujarat riots case|author=Hindustan Times|work=www.hindustantimes.com | accessdate=16 December 2014}}
8. ^{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/timeline-sit-probe-in-the-2002-gujarat-riots-cases/441621-3-238.html|title=Timeline: SIT probe in the 2002 Gujarat riots cases|work=IBNLive|accessdate=16 December 2014}}
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/how-sit-report-on-gujarat-riots-exonerates-modi-the-highlights/256848-3.html|title=How SIT report on Gujarat riots exonerates Modi: The highlights|work=IBNLive|accessdate=16 December 2014}}
10. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/article521918.ece|title=Gujarat riots: SIT’s 2010, 2012 reports differ|work=The New Indian Express|accessdate=16 December 2014}}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/11-of-24-convicts-in-Gulbarg-Society-massacre-sentenced-to-life-in-jail/articleshow/52791745.cms|title=11 of 24 convicts in Gulbarg Society massacre sentenced to life in jail|accessdate=17 June 2016}}
12. ^People congregate at the abandoned Gulbarga Society on the eighth anniversary of the massacre.. {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301221922/http://www.daylife.com/photo/01kddwZ2r3b68 |date=1 March 2010 }} daylife.com, 28 February 2010.
13. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/gulbarg-society-beyond-recognition-seven-years-after-carnage/429106/|title=Gulbarg Society beyond recognition seven years after carnage|date=28 February 2009|work=The Indian Express}}
14. ^Gulberg massacre: 14-year battle for justice against rioting, The New Indian Express, 2 June 2016.
15. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/oldStory/19323/|title=Year later, Gulbarg still a ghost town|date= 1 March 2003|work=The Indian Express}}
16. ^Human Rights, p. 19
17. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Ray-of-light-in-Gulbarg-gloom/Article1-405026.aspx|title=Ray of light in Gulbarg gloom|work=Hindustan Times|date=27 April 2009}}
18. ^{{cite news|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/NHRC-upset-over-bias-in-Gujarat-FIRs/articleshow/12583920.cms|title=NHRC upset over 'bias' in Gujarat FIRs|date=10 June 2002|work=The Times of India}}
19. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/01/03/stories/2005010303341300.htm|title=A test case in more ways than one|date=3 January 2005|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}
20. ^{{cite news|url=http://ibnlive.in.com/news/sc-tells-modi-govt-to-reinvestigate-guj-riots—in-depth/61945-3.html|title=SC tells Modi govt to reinvestigate Guj riots, In depth|date=26 March 2008|publisher=CNN-IBN}}
21. ^{{cite news|url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/Scan-Modi-SC-to-SIT/articleshow/4456959.cms|title=Scan Modi: SC to SIT|date=28 April 2009|work=The Economic Times}}
22. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-03-26/subverse/28032145_1_religious-symbols-religion-and-politics-gulbarga-society|title=Secularists aren't saints|last=Kishwar|first=Madhu|date=26 March 2009|work=The Times of India}}
23. ^{{cite news|title=In custody, for mentor's murder|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/in-custody-for-mentor-s-murder/426607/0|accessdate=15 May 2013|newspaper=The Indian Express|date=22 February 2009}}
24. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/sit-summons-modi-in-gujarat-riots-case-17552.php|title=Gujarat riots: Modi summoned by Supreme Court panel|date= 11 March 2010|publisher= NDTV}}
25. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.ndtv.com/news/india/gujarat_riots_witness_speaks_out.php|title=Gujarat riots trial: Witness 'blames' Modi|date=5 November 2009|publisher=NDTV}}
26. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pAqJ4KOB0Jo|title=Revisiting the Gulbarg massacre with Imtiaz Pathan|date=12 March 2010|publisher=NDTV}}
27. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2009-12-24/ahmedabad/28064889_1_gulbarg-society-witnesses-rajesh-jinger|title=Gulbarg Society massacre: Witnesses want Tandon, 7 others named accused|date=24 December 2009|work=The Times of India}}
28. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?264745|title=Nero Hour The SIT has summoned him in a Gujarat '02 case. But the trail is muddied.|date=29 March 2010|work=Outlook}}
29. ^{{cite news|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-04-25/india/28149214_1_post-godhra-naroda-patiya-apex-court|title=Post-Godhra riots: Teesta digs up call records|date=25 April 2010|work=The Times of India|first1=Manoj|last1=Mitta}}
30. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/Gujarat-riots—SIT-submits-report-to-SC/619192|title=Gujarat riots: SIT submits report to SC|date=15 May 2010|work=The Indian Express}}
31. ^{{cite news |title=Zakia Jafri moves SC in Gulbarg Society case|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-01-16/ahmedabad/30631331_1_zakia-jafri-naroda-patiya-congress-mp-ehsan-jafri |work=The Times of India |date=16 January 2012}}
32. ^{{cite news |title=Clean chit to Narendra Modi in Zakiya Jafri case: Sources; petitioners file fresh plea|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/clean-chit-to-narendra-modi-in-zakiya-jafri-case-sources-petitioners-file-fresh-plea-174821 |publisher=NDTV |date=9 February 2012 }}
33. ^{{cite news|title=SIT says Ehsan Jafri 'provoked' murderous mob|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18031124|accessdate=15 May 2013|publisher=BBC News|date=11 May 2012}}
34. ^{{cite news|title=SIT says Ehsan Jafri 'provoked' murderous mob|url=http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/sit-says-ehsan-jafri-provoked-murderous-mob/article3405416.ece|accessdate=15 May 2013|newspaper=The Hindu|date=11 May 2012|location=Chennai, India|first=Vidya|last=Subrahmaniam}}
35. ^{{cite news|title=Jafri provoked Gulbarg mob: SIT report|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-05-12/india/31679415_1_gulbarg-society-massacre-case-mp-ehsan-jafri-zakia-jafri|accessdate=15 May 2013|newspaper=The Times of India|date=12 May 2012}}
36. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sting-traps-footsoldiers-of-gujarat-riots-boasting-about-killings-with-state-support/232545/0|title=Sting traps footsoldiers of Gujarat riots boasting about killings with state support|date=26 October 2007|work=The Indian Express}}
37. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report_modi-sanctioned-gujarat-violence-tehelka-probe_1129894|title=Modi sanctioned Gujarat violence: Tehelka probe|date=25 October 2007|work=DNA (newspaper)}}
38. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.oneindia.com/india/gulberg-verdict-conspiracy-theory-requires-due-burial-2130624.html|title=Gulberg verdict: Conspiracy theory requires a due burial|date=16 June 2016|work=DNA (newspaper)}}
39. ^{{cite news | url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Narendra-Modi-had-no-hand-in-Jafri-killing-says-SIT/Article1-838214.aspx | title=Narendra Modi had no hand in Jafri killing, says SIT | newspaper=Hindustan Times | date=10 April 2012}}
40. ^{{cite news|title=Zakia Jafri's plea against Modi to be heard|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Court-may-hear-Zakia-Jafri-s-protest-plea-against-Modi-others/Article1-1049452.aspx|accessdate=16 May 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=24 April 2013}}
41. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/sc-steps-in-hc-revokes-transfer-of-magistrate-hearing-zakia-plea/1114730/|work=The Indian Express|title=SC steps in, HC revokes transfer of magistrate hearing Zakia plea|date=12 May 2013}}
42. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/hearing-on-zakia-jafri-s-plea-to-resume_848851.html|work=Zee News|title=Hearing on Zakia Jafri's plea to resume|date=15 May 2013}}
43. ^{{cite news|title=SIT opposes Zakia's plea on Modi clean chit|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Ahmedabad/SIT-opposes-Zakia-s-plea-on-Modi-clean-chit/Article1-1049815.aspx|accessdate=16 May 2013|newspaper=Hindustan Times|date=24 April 2013}}
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45. ^{{cite news |title=I would have lodged an FIR against Narendra Modi on charges of genocide and manslaughter|url=http://www.hardnewsmedia.com/2012/02/4566 |publisher=HardNews |date=March 2012 }}
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55. ^{{cite web|url=http://scroll.in/article/741279/cbi-raids-teesta-setalvads-house-two-weeks-before-apex-court-hears-case-against-modis-clean-chit|title=CBI raids Teesta Setalvad's home two weeks before apex court hears case against Modi's 'clean chit'}}
56. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.deccanchronicle.com/140404/nation-current-affairs/article/gujarat-riots-sc-praises-sit-probe|title=Gujarat riots: SC praises SIT probe|work=Deccan Chronicle|accessdate=16 December 2014}}
57. ^{{cite web|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/sc-junks-pil-seeking-reconstitution-of-sit-probing-gujarat-riots/|title=Supreme Court junks PIL seeking reconstitution of SIT probing Gujarat riots|work=The Indian Express|accessdate=16 December 2014}}
58. ^{{cite web|url=http://zeenews.india.com/news/gujarat/gujarat-riots-sc-refuses-plea-questioning-sit-clean-chit-to-narendra-modi_923713.html|title=Gujarat riots: SC refuses plea questioning SIT clean chit to Narendra Modi|work=Zee News|accessdate=16 December 2014}}
59. ^{{cite web | url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/gulberg-society-massacre-quantum-of-sentence-likely-to-be-announced-today-2842596/ | title=Gulberg society massacre: Quantum of punishment likely to be pronounced today | date=9 June 2016 | access-date=9 June 2016}}
60. ^1 {{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/11-get-life-for-gulberg-society-massacre-in-which-jafri-68-killed-2859387/|title=Court says of Gulberg massacre victim Jafri: His firing angered mob, made them kill|date=16 June 2016|work=IndianExpress (newspaper)}}
61. ^https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-18031124. Retrieved 24 August 2017.
62. ^{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-news-india/no-larger-conspiracy-behind-2002-godhra-riots-court-2859809//|title=No larger conspiracy behind 2002 Godhra riots: SIT court|date=16 June 2016|work=IndianExpress (newspaper)}}
63. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.expressindia.com/latest-news/6-yrs-after-Guj-massacre-a-heartbreaking-story-of-mother-son/340325/|title=6 yrs after Guj massacre, a heartbreaking story of mother & son|date=25 July 2008|work=The Indian Express}}
64. ^{{cite news|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/01/28/stories/2007012803480200.htm|title=Cinema at its very best...|date=28 January 2007|work=The Hindu|location=Chennai, India}}
65. ^{{cite news|title=Flicker of hope for Parzania in Gujarat|work=Times News Network|date=28 January 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-01-28/ahmedabad/27876901_1_multiplex-owners-association-ashok-purohit-wide-angle-multiplex}}
66. ^{{cite news|title=Parzania director's offer to Gujarat exhibitors|work=The Hindu|date=3 February 2007|url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/02/03/stories/2007020317621100.htm|location=Chennai, India}}
67. ^{{cite news|title=Gujarat will see Parzania if Bajrangi says OK!|last=Sharma|first=Radha|work=The Times of India|date=3 February 2007|url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2007-02-03/ahmedabad/27878679_1_special-screening-babu-bajrangi-cinema-halls}}
68. ^[https://www.nytimes.com/2007/02/20/movies/20parz.html?n=Top/Reference/Times%20Topics/People/S/Sengupta,%20Somini In India, Showing Sectarian Pain to Eyes That Are Closed] The New York Times, 20 February 2007.
  • {{Cite book|last=Shelton|first=Dinah |title=Encyclopedia of Genocide and Crimes Against Humanity (Volume 2)|year=2005|publisher=Macmillan Reference|isbn=0-02-865849-3|ref=Sh}}
  • {{Cite book|last=des droits de l'homme |first=Fédération internationale (FIDH)|authorlink=International Federation of Human Rights|title=Human Rights Watch |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VhAJMGtFIgMC&pg=PA20&dq=gulbarg+society+massacre&cd=6#v=onepage&q=gulbarg%20society%20massacre&f=false|publisher=Pub. Human Rights Watch|chapter=Gulbarg Society case|ref=Hu}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20090714023356/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1910/19100040.htm A relentless hate campaign] Frontline, May 2002
  • Report based on SIT findings' at The Times of India, April 2009
  • [https://archive.is/20130104215430/http://www.tehelka.com/story_main35.asp?filename=Ne031107safehouseofhorrors.asp Safehouse Of Horrors] Tehelka 3 Nov 2007
  • {{cite news |title=Timeline of Gulberg Society massacre case|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/Gujarat/Timeline-of-Gulberg-Society-massacre-case/Article1-744672.aspx |work=Hindustan Times}}
{{coord|23|2|52|N|72|36|48.61|E|region:IN_dim:390|display=inline,title}}{{2002 Gujarat riots}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Gulbarg Society Massacre}}

13 : 2002 in India|Massacres in 2002|Attacks in 2002|History of Gujarat (1947–present)|Massacres in India|Religiously motivated violence in India|Arson in India|2002 riots|2002 Gujarat riots|Persecution by Hindus|Riots and civil disorder in India|Anti-Muslim violence in India|February 2002 events
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