| 词条 | Gurlen |
| 释义 |
|name =Gurlen |settlement_type=Town |native_name = |image_skyline = |imagesize = |image_caption = |image_flag = |image_seal = |image_map = |map_caption = |pushpin_map =Uzbekistan |pushpin_label_position = |pushpin_mapsize =300 |pushpin_map_caption =Location in Uzbekistan |subdivision_type = Country |subdivision_type1 = Region |subdivision_name = {{flag|Uzbekistan}} |subdivision_name1 = Xorazm Region |subdivision_type2 = District |subdivision_name2 =Gurlen District |established_title = |established_date = |government_type = |leader_title = |leader_name = |area_magnitude = |area_total_sq_mi = |area_total_km2 = |area_land_sq_mi = |area_land_km2 = |area_urban_sq_mi = |area_urban_km2 = |area_metro_km2 = |area_metro_sq_mi = |population_as_of= 2004 |population_footnotes = |population_total= 27 300 |population_urban = |population_metro = |population_density_sq_mi = |population_density_km2 = |timezone = UZT |utc_offset = +5 |timezone_DST = |utc_offset_DST = |coordinates = {{coord|41|50|22|N|60|23|38|E|region:UZ|display=inline}} |elevation_footnotes= |elevation_m = |elevation_ft = |postal_code_type = |postal_code = |area_code = |website = |footnotes = }} Gurlen or Gurlan ({{lang-uz|Gurlan}}, Гурлан, گۇرلەن; {{lang-ru|Гурлен}}) is a town and seat of Gurlen District in Xorazm Region in Uzbekistan. It is located near the border with Turkmenistan in western Uzbekistan, {{convert|42|km}} north-west of Urgench, north of Shovot, and south of the Amu Darya river. Gurlen is a major centre for cotton production, and rice and yams are also significant other crops. HistoryGurlen was one of the medieval cities of Khorezm. A fortress was built about {{convert|7|km}} north of Gurlen called Taza Vazir ("New Vazir").[1] The Hanafi jurist of Khwarezm, Jalal ad-Din Kurlani, is from Gurlen.[2] In the early 19th century, it was a well-known merchant city of the Khanate of Khiva. Gurlen featured a New Method school from 1905 to 1911 which encountered extreme conservative opposition.[3] In the 1820s, it was a well-known merchant city of Khiva Khanate.[4] After the 1917 Russian Revolution the Khanate of Khiva was abolished, and Gurlen was eventually included into the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic. Bukhara, characterized as the nucleus of the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic, contained the part of Khorezm located within a triangle formed by Gurlen-Khiva-Pitniyak.[5] Gurlen was a part of Khorezm Oblast, which was abolished on September 29, 1926, and the center of Gurlen District. After 1926, Gurlen and the district were directly subordinated to the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic.[6] On October 1, 1938 Khorezm Oblast was re-established. It included Gurlen, which at the time had a status of rural locality, and Gurlen District.[7] It was classified as a rural locality until October 1981, when under Soviet rule it was granted urban-type settlement status.[8] In 1984, Gurlen was granted town status and became the town of oblast significance, meaning it was not a part of the district any more.[7] A children's hospital was built here during the Soviet period.[9] Geography and climateGurlen is located in southern Uzbekistan, near the border with Turkmenistan. It is {{convert|42|km}} north-west of Urgench, north of Shavat, and south of the Amu Darya river.[10] Nearby settlements include Ishandami to the southeast, Mangityap to the northwest, and Pakhtachi and Chkalova nearby to the west.[10] The Yangiabadskoe deposit, noted for rock in native slate which is used for brick manufacture, is situated {{convert|15|km}} to the west of Gurlen.[11] The climatic condition of the semi desertic region of Gurten is of extreme continental climate. [14] As the annual incidence of rainfall is more than the rate of evaporation, irrigation is an essential requirement for cultivation in this part of Uzbekistan.[14]{{Weather box |location=Gurlen, Uzbekistan |single line=yes |metric first=yes |Jan high C = 2 |Feb high C = 6 |Mar high C = 13 |Apr high C = 22 |May high C = 28 |Jun high C = 34 |Jul high C = 35 |Aug high C = 34 |Sep high C = 28 |Oct high C = 20 |Nov high C = 11 |Dec high C = 04 |year high C = 35 |Jan low C = -7 |Feb low C = -4 |Mar low C = 2 |Apr low C = 9 |May low C = 14 |Jun low C = 19 |Jul low C = 21 |Aug low C = 18 |Sep low C = 12 |Oct low C = 5 |Nov low C = 0 |Dec low C = -5 |year low C= -7 |Jan precipitation mm = 18.2 |Feb precipitation mm =11.3 |Mar precipitation mm = 17.2 |Apr precipitation mm = 13.7 |May precipitation mm= 10.9 |Jun precipitation mm = 8 |Jul precipitation mm = 6.3 |Aug precipitation mm = 13.5 |Sep precipitation mm = 2 |Oct precipitation mm = 4 |Nov precipitation mm = 19.1 |Dec precipitation mm = 12.7 |year precipitation mm = 188.9 |source 1 = Weatherbase [12] |date=May 2013 }} EconomyGurlen District is a major centre for cotton production (mainly for export) and the town is known for its cotton ginneries.[13][14] Other crops include rice, yams and wheat (introduced in 1990 for self-sufficiency in food), and when wheat is not grown during winter, other crops are grown such as maize, sorghum, water melons, melons, and vegetables.[15][16][17] The Uzbek government had stated that rice should not be grown in areas near the desert, but rice fields are apparent in the vicinity of Gurlen, and it forms the bulk of land use.[18] Irrigation in the area from damming the Amu Darya (Oxus River) which flows nearby, as part of the Amu Darya Irrigation System, has much improved agricultural production, and a number of Koreans were sent to farms in Gurlen during the Soviet era to convert the border desert areas of Kara Kum into fertile lands.[19] Gurlen is a notable bread producer.[24] Gurlen has a shoe factory which is a Joint-Stock Company called the “Khorasm Poiafzali”, or Garlen Shoe Factory. It was established in 1988. Shoes are manufactured from raw materials, particularly leather. Transactions are carried out in English.[20] Several banks are located in the town centre including the Agro Bank, Xalq Bank and the Gurlen Milliy Bank.[26] There is a large-scale poultry farm in Gurlen.[21] DemographicsAs of the 1989 Census, Gurlen had a population of 19,807.[22] Uzbek is the state language, although the regional Kipchak Khorezm language is also spoken by some in Gurlen.[23][24] Residents are involved in professional trades of weaving, pottery, jewellery, baking, crafts and agricultural practices.[25]). Khiva is the major city centre close to this town. The garment worn by the people is known as Khivan dona, which is an outer garment, and the other garment of general use is Urgen chapan.[26] Musicians from the town are also well known in the country.[25] References1. ^{{cite book|last1=Khorezmiĭ|first1=Munis|last2=Ogaḣiĭ|first2=Muḣammad Rizo Mirob Ėrniëzbek ŭghli|title=Firdaws Al-iqbāl: History of Khorezm|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KVtOlyr8GHUC&pg=PA565|year=1999|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-11365-7|page=565}} {{Xorazm Region}}{{coord|41|51|N|60|24|E|display=title|region:UZ_type:city_source:GNS-enwiki}}2. ^{{cite book|last=Renard|first=John|title=Tales of God's Friends: Islamic Hagiography in Translation|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=srZ5L70phwQC&pg=PA135|accessdate=13 May 2013|year=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-25896-9|pages=135–}} 3. ^{{cite book|last=Allworth|first=Edward|title=The Modern Uzbeks: From the Fourteenth Century to the Present : a Cultural History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ibBzE0GpXfkC&pg=PA140|accessdate=13 May 2013|year=1990|publisher=Hoover Press|isbn=978-0-8179-8733-6|pages=140–}} 4. ^Путешествие в Туркмению и Хиву в 1819 и 1820 годах гвардейского генерального штаба капитана Николая Муравьева, посланного в сии страны для переговоров. М., 1822, с.32 5. ^{{cite book|last=Becker|first=Seymour|title=Russia's Protectorates in Central Asia: Bukhara and Khiva, 1865-1924|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FIziVIsv3DAC&pg=PA241|accessdate=13 May 2013|date=22 April 2004|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-203-39083-2|pages=241–}} 6. ^{{cite web|url=http://whp057.narod2.ru/uzssr.htm|script-title=ru:Узбекская Советская Социалистическая Республика|publisher=narod.ru |language=Russian|accessdate=14 May 2013}} 7. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://whp057.narod2.ru/horez.htm|script-title=ru:Хорезмский вилайет|publisher=narod.ru |language=Russian|accessdate=14 May 2013}} 8. ^{{cite book|title=Soviet Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PuA7AQAAIAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Scripta Publishing Company|page=121}} 9. ^{{cite book|title=Political History of Russia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H0CNAAAAMAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Nova Science Publishers|page=209}} 10. ^1 {{Google maps | url =https://maps.google.co.uk/maps?q=Gurlen&oe=utf-8&aq=t&rls=org.mozilla:en-US:official&client=firefox-a&channel=rcs&um=1&ie=UTF-8&hl=en&sa=N&tab=wl | accessdate =12 May 2013}} 11. ^{{cite book|author=IBP USA Staff|title=Uzbekistan Mining Laws and Regulations Handbook|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8GiYdYfzSnsC&pg=PA69|accessdate=13 May 2013|date=3 March 2008|publisher=International Business Publications, USA|isbn=978-1-4330-7845-3|pages=69–}} 12. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.worldweatheronline.com/Gurlen-weather-averages/Khorazm/UZ.aspx|title=Average High/Low Temperature for Gurlen, Uzbekistan|accessdate=13 May 2013|publisher= World Weather Online}}Retrieved on 13 May 2013 13. ^{{cite book|last=Martius|first=Christopher|title=Cotton, Water, Salts and Soums: Economic and Ecological Restructuring in Khorezm, Uzbekistan|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qhBO6pgZEq8C&pg=PA338|date=September 2011|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-1963-7|page=338}} 14. ^{{cite book|author=Э. Ю Юсупов|title=Тхе Остовер Револютион анд воменьс либератион ин Узбекистан|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jg3UAAAAMAAJ|year=1985|publisher=Наука Публишерс, Централ Депт. оф Ориенталь Литературе|page=192}} 15. ^1 2 {{Cite journal|url=http://131.220.109.9/module/register/media/8ff5_Dubovyk_al12_10.1007_s10661-012-2904-6.pdf|format=pdf|title= Spatio-temporal analyses of cropland degradation in the irrigated lowlands of Uzbekistan using remote-sensing and logistic regression modeling|date=24 September 2012|work= Journal of Environmental Monitoring and Assessment |publisher=Springer}} 16. ^{{cite book|author=World Trade Centers Association|title=World business directory|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hTgWAQAAMAAJ|year=1998|publisher=Gale Research Inc.|page=5262}} 17. ^{{cite book|title=Zoology in the Middle East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RVsnAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|publisher=Max Kasparek|page=51}} 18. ^{{cite book|last1=Erasmi|first1=Stefan|last2=Cyffka|first2=Bernd|last3=Kappas|first3=Martin|title=Remote Sensing & GIS for Environmental Studies: Applications in Geography|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kzKAAAAAMAAJ|year=2005|publisher=Erich Goltze|isbn=978-3-88452-113-7|page=122}} 19. ^{{cite book|last1=Olson|first1=James S.|last2=Pappas|first2=Lee Brigance|last3=Pappas|first3=Nicholas Charles|title=An Ethnohistorical dictionary of the Russian and Soviet empires|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CquTz6ps5YgC&pg=PA393|year=1994|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-27497-8|page=393}} 20. ^{{cite book|title=BISNIS Search for Partners|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9I7VyAOphwIpage=6|year=1997|publisher=Business Information Service for the Newly Independent States (BISNIS), U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration}} 21. ^1 {{cite web|url=http://www.goldenpages.uz/city/?Id=1507#.UZKmccro7-s|script-title=ru:Гурлен - Справочник Узбекистана|publisher=Золотые страницы Узбекистана|language=Russian|accessdate=14 May 2013}} 22. ^{{cite web|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng89_reg2.php|title=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность городского населения союзных республик, их территориальных единиц, городских поселений и городских районов по полу.|trans-title=All Union Population Census of 1989. Urban population of the union republics, their territorial units, urban settlements and urban districts by gender.|accessdate=May 16, 2013|author=Demoscope Weekly|date=1989|work=Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989)|publisher=Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics|language=Russian}} 23. ^{{cite book|author=Anita Sengupta|title=The Formation of the Uzbek Nation-state: A Study in Transition|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PC5SZ_NwARgC&pg=PA292|year=2003|publisher=Lexington Books|isbn=978-0-7391-0618-1|pages=292–}} 24. ^{{cite book|title=Radio Liberty Research Bulletin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8ofwAAAAMAAJ|year=1977|publisher=Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty}} 25. ^1 2 {{cite book|author=J.A. Hammerton|title=Peoples Of All Nations: Their Life Today And Story Of Their Past (in 14 Volumes)|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aSs3v87k5UQC&pg=PA3234|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|isbn=978-81-7268-144-9|pages=3234–}} 26. ^{{cite book|author1=Ahmad Hasan Dani|author2=Chahryar Adle|author3=Irfan Habib|title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in Contrast, from the Sixteenth to the Mid-Nineteenth Century|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AzG5llo3YCMC&pg=PA69|year=2003|publisher=UNESCO|isbn=978-92-3-103876-1|pages=69–}} 1 : Populated places in Xorazm Region |
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