“Algherese dialect”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Catalan was replaced as the official language by Spanish, then by Italian in the mid 18th century, but its use remained widespread until at least the 1970s.^[2] Today it has semi-official status alongside Italian.^[3]

Based on additional linguistic studies, there are approximately 20,000 to 30,000 native speakers of the language worldwide. In communities where Algherese is spoken, Italian and Logudorese Sardinian are often used as well.^[4]

History

Algherese is a regional dialect spoken by anywhere from 20,000 to 30,000 individuals, most of which reside in the town of Alghero, located in the northwest of Sardinia.^[4] The language, though {{clarify|date=December 2018|text=secular}}, is initially derived from, and thus considered a variant of, the Catalan language.^[4] The origins of the language can be traced back to 1372, when Catalan invaders repopulated the city of Alghero after exiling the indigenous populations in Sardinia.^[4] The language has roots in several Romance languages, including Eastern Romance, Italo-Western Romance, and Italo Western.^[5]

Geographic distribution

In the northwest region of Sardinia, it is estimated that Italian is now the first language of close to 60% of individuals, Algherese approximately 22%.^[6] The use of the dialect in schools and media, to name a few, is sparse. Prior to 1997, teaching of the dialect in school was rare. However, in an attempt to reverse the trend, the Regional Council of Sardinia has officially recognized "Algherese Catalan" as a separate language in order to promote its use and circulation.^[6] As of a 2008 study, Algherese is used by approximately 14% of the population for daily interactions.^[6] The dialect is mostly a local language, often used to supplement Italian or Sardinian in small circles.^[7]

Official status

In the northwest region of Sardinia, where this language is spoken, Italian is the primary language. Algherese Catalan acts as a secondary language or dialect in the overall region.

In 1999, Catalan was among several minority languages officially recognized as "historical language minorities" by the Italian State under law no. 482/1999.^[8] Prior to this, the Regional Council of Sardinia had passed the regional law n. 26 of 15 October 1997 which, aside from promoting the equality in dignity of the Sardinian language with the Italian language throughout the island, provides that the other languages of smaller scope be afforded the same treatment as the aforementioned languages, among which Catalan is cited, in the city of Alghero.^[9] The city council, for its part, promulgated its protection and standardization in its city statute.^[10]

Usage

The following figures were obtained from the "Enquesta d’usos lingüístics a l’Alguer (Survey of linguistic usage in Alghero, EULAL)" of 2004, a study conducted in the town of Alghero that showed the general use of Algherese in several media,^[11] and the "Els usos lingüístics a l’Alguer" of 2015 (EULA 2015).^[12]

Phonology

Morphology

Differences from Standard Catalan

The Algherese variant is Eastern Catalan, but it has many differences from Central Catalan, with some of the most obvious ones as follows:

Vocabulary

The following abbreviations are used: m (masculine), f (feminine), pl (plural), fpl (feminine plural), inf (informal), f (formal).

The following phrases were gathered from a Catalan translation set, but the common phrases in Algherese are similar:^[14]

Literature

The Premi Rafael Sari, organised by the Obra Cultural de l'Alguer,^[15] is a series of prizes awarded in September each year to the best literary works of poetry and prose written in Alguerese Catalan.

Notable poets include Rafael Sari, Pasquale Scanu and Maria Chessa Lai. There is also a long tradition of writing and performing songs in Alguerese Catalan and the Premio Pino Piras^[16] is awarded for new songs written in the language. Notable singer-songwriters include Pino Piras and Franca Masu.

In 2015 Carla Valentino published an Algherese translation of Antoine de Saint-Exupéry's The Little Prince.^[17]

References

1. ^{{Cite web |url=http://prosodia.upf.edu/coalgueres/en/algueres.html |title=L'Alguer and Alguerese Catalan - Oral Corpus of Alguerese|website=prosodia.upf.edu |access-date=2018-09-01}}
2. ^{{cite news |last1=Minder |first1=Raphael |title=Italy's Last Bastion of Catalan Language Struggles to Keep It Alive |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/11/21/world/europe/catalan-italy-alghero.html |work=nytimes.com |date=21 November 2016 |language=en}}
3. ^Alghero official website
4. ^¹²³{{Cite web|url=http://endangeredlanguages.com/lang/944|title=Did you know Algherese Catalan is vulnerable?|website=Endangered Languages|language=en|access-date=2017-03-09}}
5. ^{{Cite web |url=http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/algh1238 |title=Glottolog 2.7 - Algherese |website=glottolog.org |language=en |access-date=2017-03-09}}
6. ^¹²{{Cite web|url=http://prosodia.upf.edu/coalgueres/en/algueres.html|title=Corpus Oral de l'Alguerès|website=prosodia.upf.edu|access-date=2017-03-09}}
7. ^{{Cite journal |last=Argenter |first=Joan A. |year=2008 |title=L'Alguer (Alghero), a Catalan linguistic enclave in Sardinia |url=https://www.academia.edu/5492085/LAlguer_Alghero_a_Catalan_linguistic_enclave_in_Sardinia |journal=International Journal of the Sociology of Language |language=en |volume=2008 |issue=193/194 |doi=10.1515/ijsl.2008.056 |issn=0165-2516}}
8. ^Law no. 482 of 15 December 1999. "Rules on the protection of historical linguistic minorities". Article 2. Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 297. 20 December 1999
9. ^Regional Law no. 26 of 15 October 1997. "Promozione e valorizzazione della culture e della lingua della Sardegna". Articles 2.1 and 2.4 . Consiglio Regionale della Sardegna
10. ^Communal Statute. Article 9. City of Alghero.
11. ^{{cite report |authors= |date=2004 |title=Enquesta d’usos lingüístics a l’Alguer |trans-title=Survey of linguistic usage in Alghero |language=Catalan |url=http://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/dadesestudis/altres/arxius/eula2004.pdf |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote= }}
12. ^{{cite report |authors= |date=2017 |title=Els usos lingüístics a l’Alguer, 2015 |trans-title=Linguistic usage in Alghero, 2015 |language=Catalan |url=http://llengua.gencat.cat/web/.content/documents/publicacions/btpl/arxius/20_Usos_linguistics_Alguer_2015.pdf |publisher=Generalitat de Catalunya |page= |docket= |access-date= |quote= }}
13. ^{{Cite book |title=Caracterització del lèxic alguerès |last=Corbera Pou |first=Jaume |publisher=University of the Balearic Islands |year=2000 |location=Palma (Balears) |oclc=807849256}}
14. ^{{Cite web|url=http://www.omniglot.com/language/phrases/catalan.php|title=Useful Catalan phrases|website=www.omniglot.com|access-date=2017-04-25}}
15. ^{{Cite web |url=http://www.obracultural.cat/qui-sem/ |title=Qui sem - Obra Cultural de l'Alguer |website=Obra Cultural de l'Alguer |language=ca-ES |access-date=2018-09-01}}
16. ^{{Cite news|url=http://notizie.alguer.it/n?id=20324 |title=Al Civico di Alghero il "Premio Pino Piras" |date=23 October 2008 |website=Alguer.it Notizie |language=Italian}}
17. ^{{cite web |title=Little Prince nr. PP-3547 / Catalan Algherese |url=http://www.petit-prince-collection.com/lang/show_livre.php?lang=en&id=3547 |website=www.petit-prince-collection.com}}