| 词条 | Hammar Marshes |
| 释义 |
| WHS = East Hammar Marshes | Part_of = Ahwar of Southern Iraq | Type = Mixed | Criteria = (iii)(v)(ix)(x) | ID = 1481-003 | Coordinates = {{coord|30|44|21|N|47|26|19|E|format=dms|display=inline, title}} | Year = 2016 | Area = {{convert|20,342|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | Buffer_zone = {{convert|12,721|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | locmapin = Iraq }}{{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site | WHS = West Hammar Marshes | Part_of = Ahwar of Southern Iraq | Type = Mixed | Criteria = (iii)(v)(ix)(x) | ID = 1481-004 | Coordinates = {{coord|30|50|30|N|46|41|03|E|format=dms}} | Year = 2016 | Area = {{convert|79,991|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | Buffer_zone = {{convert|68,403|ha|sqmi|abbr=on}} | locmapin = Iraq }}{{Designation list | designation1 = Ramsar | designation1_offname = Hammar Marsh | designation1_date = 7 April 2014 | designation1_number = 2242[1]}} The Hammar Marshes ({{Lang-ar|هور الحمار}}) are a large wetland complex in southeastern Iraq that are part of the Mesopotamian Marshes in the Tigris–Euphrates river system. Historically, the Hammar Marshes extended up to {{convert|4500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} during seasonal floods.[1] They were destroyed during the 1990s by large-scale drainage, dam and dike construction projects. Since 2003, they are recovering following reflooding and destruction of dams.[2] GeographyThe Hammar Marshes are located in the Dhi Qar and Basra Governorates. They ared are bordered in the north by the city of Al-Qurnah, in the northeast by the Euphrates River, in the southeast by the city of Basra, in the south by saline lakes and the Arabian Desert, in the west and northwest by the urban centres of Nasiriyah and Al-Chibayish. Its main water sources are the Euphrates and its tributaries. Additional water from the Tigris reached the wetland through overflow from the Central Marshes. Until the 1970s, the wetland stretched over {{convert|120|x|25|km|mi|abbr=on}} and permanently covered an area of {{convert|2800|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} that extended to about {{convert|4500|km2|sqmi|abbr=on}} during seasonal floods.[1] It was the largest in West Asia.[2] The shallow eutrophic and slightly brackish Lake Hammar is the largest water body in the Hammar Marshes.[3] Ethnic groupsThe main ethnic group in the area is the Marsh Arabs.[1] HistoryMassive drainage projects were started in the 1990s. Canals and embankments were built that split the once contiguous wetland into two, the West and East Hammar Marshes. An additional barrier between the two parts is the Rumaila oil field.[1] By 2000, less than 15% of the Hammar Marshes remained. Following the 2003 U.S. invasion of Iraq, returning Marsh Arabs broke embankments and drainage works, so that the wetland started to reflood. By the following year, vegetation had regrown significantly in the western part of the Hammar Marshes, and wildlife species returned. Recovery of the marshland habitat has been greater than expected, though there are still long-term risks to the habitat's viability due to pollution and water extraction from the Euphrates.[2] The salinity level of the re-flooded wetlands is higher than in typical freshwater wetlands.[3] WildlifeFloraThe main plant species in the Hammar Marshes are hornwort, whorl-leaf watermilfoil, common reed, bulrush, sago pondweed, southern cattail and shining pondweed.[1][2] FaunaBird counts between 2003 and 2005 revealed that the most common species in the Hammar Marshes are little egret, black-headed gull, slender-billed gull, common gull and little tern.[2] Notable birds include western marsh harrier, purple heron, grey heron, great cormorant, western cattle egret, black-winged stilt, little grebe, pied kingfisher, white-throated kingfisher and malachite kingfisher, white wagtail, isabelline shrike, bluethroat, Iraq babbler, white-eared bulbul, graceful prinia, common chiffchaff and house sparrow.[1] Mammal-oriented surveys carried out between 2009 and 2012 revealed the presence of jungle cat, European otter, gray wolf, red fox, golden jackal, striped hyena, honey badger, small Asian mongoose, wild boar, long-eared hedgehog, Kuhl's pipistrelle, Cape hare, Euphrates jerboa, brown rat, Asian house shrew, Etruscan shrew and house mouse.[4] References1. ^1 2 3 4 5 6 {{cite book |author=Al Shabeeb, S. |year=2015 |title=Ramsar Information Sheet for Site no. 2242, Hammar Marsh, Iraq |publisher=Ramsar Sites Information Service |location=Gland |url=https://rsis.ramsar.org/RISapp/files/RISrep/IQ2242RIS_1509_en.pdf}} 2. ^1 2 3 4 {{cite journal |authors=Richardson, C.J. and Hussain, N.A. |year=2006 |title=Restoring the Garden of Eden: an ecological assessment of the marshes of Iraq |journal=BioScience |volume=56 |issue=6 |pages=477–489 |doi=10.1641/0006-3568(2006)56[477:RTGOEA]2.0.CO;2}} 3. ^1 {{cite journal |authors=Salman, S.D., Abbas, M.F., Ghazi, A.H.M., Ahmed, H.K., Akash, A.N., Douabul, A.A., Warner, B.G. and Asada, T. |year=2014 |title=Seasonal changes in zooplankton communities in the re-flooded Mesopotamian wetlands, Iraq |journal=Journal of Freshwater Ecology |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=397−412 |doi=10.1080/02705060.2014.907547 }} 4. ^{{cite journal |authors=Al Sheikhly, O. F., Haba, M. K., Barbanera, F., Csorba, G. and Harrison, D. L. |year=2015 |title=Checklist of the Mammals of Iraq (Chordata: Mammalia) |journal=Bonn Zoological Bulletin |volume=64 |issue=1 |pages=33–58}} External links
7 : Freshwater ecoregions|Marshes of Iraq|Euphrates|Environmental issues in Iraq|Tigris River|Shatt al-Arab basin|Ramsar sites in Iraq |
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