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词条 Haplogroup E-P2
释义

  1. Origin

  2. Distribution

  3. Phylogenetics

     Phylogenetic history  Research publications  Phylogenetic trees 

  4. See also

     Genetics  Y-DNA E subclades  Y-DNA backbone tree 

  5. References

  6. Additional sources

  7. External links

{{Infobox haplogroup
| name = E-P2
| map =
| origin-date = 41,700–49,400 years BP[1]
| origin-place =
| ancestor = E-P177
| descendants = E-V38, E-M215
| mutations = DYS391p, L337, L339, L342, L487, L492, L613, P2/PN2, P179, P180, P181
}}

E-P2, also known as E1b1, is a human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup. This paternal clade had an ancient presence in the Middle East, and is now primarily distributed in Africa, with lower frequencies in the Middle East and Europe.

Origin

Trombetta et al. 2011, suggest an origin in eastern Africa:

The new topology here reported has important implications as to the origins of the haplogroup E-P2. Using the principle of the phylogeographic parsimony, the resolution of the E-M215 trifurcation in favor of a common ancestor of E-M2 and E-M329 strongly supports the hypothesis that haplogroup E-P2 originated in eastern Africa, as previously suggested, and that chromosomes E-M2, so frequently observed in sub-Saharan Africa, trace their descent to a common ancestor present in eastern Africa.[2]

Distribution

Natufian fossils that were analysed for ancient DNA were found to carry the paternal haplogroup E1b1(xE1b1a1,E1b1b1b1) (1/5; 20%).[3]

This haplogroup is now found mostly in Africa, mainly in the form of its predominant subclades E-M215 and E-V38. E-M215 is more common in Northern Africa and the Horn of Africa, and is also found at lower frequencies in the Middle East, Europe and Southern Africa. E-V38 is more common in West Africa, Central Africa, Southern Africa and the African Great Lakes, and occurs at low frequencies in North Africa and Middle East.

The paraclade, referred to as E-P2*, and including cases which are neither in E-V38 or E-M215 are either rare or nonexistent. So far none have been found.[2]

{{Harvcoltxt|Semino|Magri|Benuzzi|Lin|2004}} found E-P2 (xM35,xM2) in 10.4% of 48 Ethiopian Amhara, 12.8% of 78 Ethiopian Oromo, 1.9% of 53 South African Bantu, and 2.9% of 139 Senegalese.[4]{{harvtxt|Wood|Stover|Ehret|Destro-Bisol|2005}} have reported finding E-P2(xP1, xM35)in 11% (1/9) of a sample of Oromo from Ethiopia, 11% (1/9) of a sample of Iraqw from Tanzania, 10% (2/20) of a mixed sample of speakers of various South Semitic languages from Ethiopia, 6% (1/18) of a sample of Amhara from Ethiopia, 3% (1/30) of a sample of Ewe from Ghana, 3% (1/32) of a sample of Fante from Ghana, and 3% (1/34) of a sample of Wolof from Gambia/Senegal.[5]{{harvtxt|Stefflova|Dulik|Pai|Walker|2009}} reported one individual out of a sample of 199 African American men from Philadelphia with E-P2 (xM35, xM2).[6]{{harvtxt|Cruciani|Santolamazza|Shen|MacAulay|2002}} found E-P2 (xM35, xM2) in: 18% of 22 Ethiopian Jews, 2% of 49 Mossi from Burkina Faso, 3% of 37 Rimaibe also from Burkina Faso, and 6% of 17 Fulbe from Cameroon.[7]{{harvtxt|Semino|Santachiara-Benerecetti|Falaschi|Cavalli-Sforza|2002}} found E-P2 (xM35, xM2) in 18.2% of 88 Ethiopians.[8][9]{{harvtxt|Moran|Scott|Adams|Warrington|2004}} found E-P2 (xM35, xM2) in Ethiopian athletes and control groups and reported the following results; General control : 4%(4/95), Arsi control : 8%(7/85), 5-10K : 22%(5/23) and Track and Field: 11%(2/11).

Phylogenetics

Phylogenetic history

{{main|Conversion table for Y chromosome haplogroups}}

Prior to 2002, there were in academic literature at least seven naming systems for the Y-Chromosome Phylogenetic tree. This led to considerable confusion. In 2002, the major research groups came together and formed the Y-Chromosome Consortium (YCC). They published a joint paper that created a single new tree that all agreed to use. Later, a group of citizen scientists with an interest in population genetics and genetic genealogy formed a working group to create an amateur tree aiming at being above all timely. The table below brings together all of these works at the point of the landmark 2002 YCC Tree. This allows a researcher reviewing older published literature to quickly move between nomenclatures.

YCC 2002/2008 (Shorthand)(α)(β)(γ)(δ)(ε)(ζ)(η)YCC 2002 (Longhand)YCC 2005 (Longhand)YCC 2008 (Longhand)YCC 2010r (Longhand)ISOGG 2006ISOGG 2007ISOGG 2008ISOGG 2009ISOGG 2010ISOGG 2011ISOGG 2012
E-P2921III3A13Eu3H2BE*EEEEEEEEEE
E-M3321III3A13Eu3H2BE1*E1E1aE1aE1E1E1aE1aE1aE1aE1a
E-M4421III3A13Eu3H2BE1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1aE1aE1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1E1a1
E-M7521III3A13Eu3H2BE2aE2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2E2
E-M5421III3A13Eu3H2BE2bE2bE2bE2b1-------
E-P225III414Eu3H2BE3*E3E1bE1b1E3E3E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1E1b1
E-M28III515Eu2H2BE3a*E3aE1b1E1b1aE3aE3aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1aE1b1a1E1b1a1
E-M588III515Eu2H2BE3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E3a1E3a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1E1b1a1a1aE1b1a1a1a
E-M116.28III515Eu2H2BE3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E3a2E3a2E1b1a2E1b1a2E1ba12removedremoved
E-M1498III515Eu2H2BE3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E3a3E3a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a3E1b1a1a1cE1b1a1a1c
E-M1548III515Eu2H2BE3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E3a4E3a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a4E1b1a1a1g1cE1b1a1a1g1c
E-M1558III515Eu2H2BE3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E3a5E3a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a5E1b1a1a1dE1b1a1a1d
E-M108III515Eu2H2BE3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E3a6E3a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a6E1b1a1a1eE1b1a1a1e
E-M3525III414Eu4H2BE3b*E3bE1b1b1E1b1b1E3b1E3b1E1b1b1E1b1b1E1b1b1removedremoved
E-M7825III414Eu4H2BE3b1*E3b1E1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1aE1b1b1a1E1b1b1a1
E-M14825III414Eu4H2BE3b1aE3b1aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E3b1a3aE3b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a3aE1b1b1a1c1E1b1b1a1c1
E-M8125III414Eu4H2BE3b2*E3b2E1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E3b1bE3b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1bE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1a
E-M10725III414Eu4H2BE3b2aE3b2aE1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE3b1b1E3b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1E1b1b1b1aE1b1b1b1a1
E-M16525III414Eu4H2BE3b2bE3b2bE1b1b1b2E1b1b1b1b1E3b1b2E3b1b2E1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b2aE1b1b1b1a2a
E-M12325III414Eu4H2BE3b3*E3b3E1b1b1cE1b1b1cE3b1cE3b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1cE1b1b1b2a
E-M3425III414Eu4H2BE3b3a*E3b3aE1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E3b1c1E3b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1c1E1b1b1b2a1
E-M13625III414Eu4H2BE3ba1E3b3a1E1b1b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E3b1c1aE3b1c1aE1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1c1a1E1b1b1b2a1a1

Research publications

The following research teams per their publications were represented in the creation of the YCC tree.

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
  • α {{harvnb|Jobling and Tyler-Smith|2000}} and {{harvnb|Kaladjieva|2001}}
  • β {{harvnb|Underhill|2000}}
  • γ {{harvnb|Hammer|2001}}
  • δ {{harvnb|Karafet|2001}}
  • ε {{harvnb|Semino|2000}}
  • ζ {{harvnb|Su|1999}}
  • η {{harvnb|Capelli|2001}}

}}

Phylogenetic trees

This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup subclades is based on the YCC 2008 treeKarafet2008[10] and subsequent published research.

  • E-P2 (DYS391p, L337, L339, L487, L492, L613, P2/PN2, P179, P180, P181)
    • E-V38 (L222.1, V38, V100)
    • E-M2 (DYS271/M2/SY81, P1/PN1, P189, P293, V43, V95)
    • E-M329 (M329)
    • E-M215 (M215/PAGES00040)
    • E-M35 (L336, M35.1, M243)
    • E-M281 (M281, V16)

See also

{{wikiquote}}

Genetics

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
  • African admixture in Europe
  • Genetic genealogy
  • Haplogroup D (Y-DNA)
  • Haplogroup DE
  • Haplogroup
  • Haplotype
  • Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroup
  • Molecular phylogenetics
  • Paragroup
  • Subclade
  • Y-chromosome haplogroups in populations of the world
  • Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group
  • Y-DNA haplogroups in populations of Sub-Saharan Africa

}}

Y-DNA E subclades

{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
  • Haplogroup E-L485
  • Haplogroup E-M123
  • Haplogroup E-M180
  • Haplogroup E-M215
  • Haplogroup E-M33
  • Haplogroup E-M521
  • Haplogroup E-M75
  • Haplogroup E-M96
  • Haplogroup E-P147
  • Haplogroup E-P177
  • Haplogroup E-P2
  • Haplogroup E-V12
  • Haplogroup E-V13
  • Haplogroup E-V22
  • Haplogroup E-M2
  • Haplogroup E-V65
  • Haplogroup E-V68
  • Haplogroup E-Z820
  • Haplogroup E-Z827

}}

Y-DNA backbone tree

{{Y-DNA}}

References

1. ^https://www.yfull.com/tree/E-P177/
2. ^1 {{harvtxt|Trombetta|Cruciani|Sellitto|Scozzari|2011}}
3. ^{{cite biorxiv|last=Lazaridis |first=Iosif |display-authors=etal |date=17 June 2016|title=The genetic structure of the world's first farmers |biorxiv=059311}} -- Table S6.1 - Y-chromosome haplogroups
4. ^{{harvtxt|Semino|Magri|Benuzzi|Lin|2004}}
5. ^{{harvtxt|Wood|Stover|Ehret|Destro-Bisol|2005}}
6. ^{{harvtxt|Stefflova|Dulik|Pai|Walker|2009}}
7. ^{{harvtxt|Cruciani|Santolamazza|Shen|MacAulay|2002}}
8. ^{{harvtxt|Semino|Santachiara-Benerecetti|Falaschi|Cavalli-Sforza|2002}}
9. ^{{harvtxt|Underhill|Shen|Lin|Jin|2000}}
10. ^{{harvtxt|Karafet|Mendez|Meilerman|Underhill|2008}}

Additional sources

{{Refbegin}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1086/340257 |title=A Back Migration from Asia to Sub-Saharan Africa is Supported by High-Resolution Analysis of Human Y-Chromosome Haplotypes |year=2002 |last1=Cruciani |first1=Fulvio |last2=Santolamazza |first2=Piero |last3=Shen |first3=Peidong |last4=MacAulay |first4=Vincent |last5=Moral |first5=Pedro |last6=Olckers |first6=Antonel |last7=Modiano |first7=David |last8=Holmes |first8=Susan |last9=Destro-Bisol |first9=Giovanni |last10=Coia |first10=Valentina |last11=Wallace |first11=Douglas C. |last12=Oefner |first12=Peter J. |last13=Torroni |first13=Antonio |last14=Cavalli-Sforza |first14=L. Luca |last15=Scozzari |first15=Rosaria |last16=Underhill |first16=Peter A. |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=70 |issue=5 |pages=1197–214 |pmid=11910562 |pmc=447595}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1086/386294 |title=Phylogeographic Analysis of Haplogroup E3b (E-M215) Y Chromosomes Reveals Multiple Migratory Events Within and Out of Africa |year=2004 |last1=Cruciani |first1=Fulvio |last2=La Fratta |first2=Roberta |last3=Santolamazza |first3=Piero |last4=Sellitto |first4=Daniele |last5=Pascone |first5=Roberto |last6=Moral |first6=Pedro |last7=Watson |first7=Elizabeth |last8=Guida |first8=Valentina |last9=Colomb |first9=Eliane Beraud |last10=Zaharova |first10=Boriana |last11=Lavinha |first11=João |last12=Vona |first12=Giuseppe |last13=Aman |first13=Rashid |last14=Calì |first14=Francesco |last15=Akar |first15=Nejat |last16=Richards |first16=Martin |last17=Torroni |first17=Antonio |last18=Novelletto |first18=Andrea |last19=Scozzari |first19=Rosaria |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1014–22 |pmid=15042509 |pmc=1181964}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1101/gr.7172008 |title=New binary polymorphisms reshape and increase resolution of the human Y chromosomal haplogroup tree |year=2008 |last1=Karafet |first1=T. M. |last2=Mendez |first2=F. L. |last3=Meilerman |first3=M. B. |last4=Underhill |first4=P. A. |last5=Zegura |first5=S. L. |last6=Hammer |first6=M. F. |journal=Genome Research |volume=18 |issue=5 |pages=830–8 |pmid=18385274 |pmc=2336805}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1007/s00439-004-1202-y |title=Y chromosome haplogroups of elite Ethiopian endurance runners |year=2004 |last1=Moran |first1=Colin N. |last2=Scott |first2=Robert A. |last3=Adams |first3=Susan M. |last4=Warrington |first4=Samantha J. |last5=Jobling |first5=Mark A. |last6=Wilson |first6=Richard H. |last7=Goodwin |first7=William H. |last8=Georgiades |first8=Evelina |last9=Wolde |first9=Bezabhe |last10=Pitsiladis |first10=Yannis P. |journal=Human Genetics |volume=115 |issue=6 |pages=492–7 |pmid=15503146}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1086/338306 |title=Ethiopians and Khoisan Share the Deepest Clades of the Human Y-Chromosome Phylogeny |year=2002 |last1=Semino |first1=Ornella |last2=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first2=A. Silvana |last3=Falaschi |first3=Francesco |last4=Cavalli-Sforza |first4=L. Luca |last5=Underhill |first5=Peter A. |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=70 |issue=1 |pages=265–268 |pmid=11719903 |pmc=384897}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1086/386295 |title=Origin, Diffusion, and Differentiation of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups E and J: Inferences on the Neolithization of Europe and Later Migratory Events in the Mediterranean Area |year=2004 |last1=Semino |first1=Ornella |last2=Magri |first2=Chiara |last3=Benuzzi |first3=Giorgia |last4=Lin |first4=Alice A. |last5=Al-Zahery |first5=Nadia |last6=Battaglia |first6=Vincenza |last7=MacCioni |first7=Liliana |last8=Triantaphyllidis |first8=Costas |last9=Shen |first9=Peidong |last10=Oefner |first10=Peter J. |last11=Zhivotovsky |first11=Lev A. |last12=King |first12=Roy |last13=Torroni |first13=Antonio |last14=Cavalli-Sforza |first14=L. Luca |last15=Underhill |first15=Peter A. |last16=Santachiara-Benerecetti |first16=A. Silvana |journal=The American Journal of Human Genetics |volume=74 |issue=5 |pages=1023–34 |pmid=15069642 |pmc=1181965}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0007842 |title=Evaluation of Group Genetic Ancestry of Populations from Philadelphia and Dakar in the Context of Sex-Biased Admixture in the Americas |year=2009 |editor1-last=Relethford |editor1-first=John |last1=Stefflova |first1=Klara |last2=Dulik |first2=Matthew C. |last3=Pai |first3=Athma A. |last4=Walker |first4=Amy H. |last5=Zeigler-Johnson |first5=Charnita M. |last6=Gueye |first6=Serigne M. |last7=Schurr |first7=Theodore G. |last8=Rebbeck |first8=Timothy R. |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=4 |issue=11 |pages=e7842 |pmid=19946364 |pmc=2776971}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0016073 |title=A New Topology of the Human Y Chromosome Haplogroup E1b1 (E-P2) Revealed through the Use of Newly Characterized Binary Polymorphisms |year=2011 |editor1-last=MacAulay |editor1-first=Vincent |last1=Trombetta |first1=Beniamino |last2=Cruciani |first2=Fulvio |last3=Sellitto |first3=Daniele |last4=Scozzari |first4=Rosaria |journal=PLoS ONE |volume=6 |pages=e16073 |pmid=21253605 |issue=1 |pmc=3017091}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1038/81685 |year=2000 |last1=Underhill |first1=Peter A. |last2=Shen |first2=Peidong |last3=Lin |first3=Alice A. |last4=Jin |first4=Li |last5=Passarino |first5=Giuseppe |last6=Yang |first6=Wei H. |last7=Kauffman |first7=Erin |last8=Bonné-Tamir |first8=Batsheva |last9=Bertranpetit |first9=Jaume |last10=Francalacci |first10=Paolo |last11=Ibrahim |first11=Muntaser |last12=Jenkins |first12=Trefor |last13=Kidd |first13=Judith R. |last14=Mehdi |first14=S. Qasim |last15=Seielstad |first15=Mark T. |last16=Wells |first16=R. Spencer |last17=Piazza |first17=Alberto |last18=Davis |first18=Ronald W. |last19=Feldman |first19=Marcus W. |last20=Cavalli-Sforza |first20=L. Luca |last21=Oefner |first21=Peter. J. |journal=Nature Genetics |volume=26 |issue=3 |pages=358–61 |pmid=11062480 |title=Y chromosome sequence variation and the history of human populations}}
  • {{Citation |doi=10.1038/sj.ejhg.5201408 |title=Contrasting patterns of Y chromosome and mtDNA variation in Africa: Evidence for sex-biased demographic processes |year=2005 |last1=Wood |first1=Elizabeth T |last2=Stover |first2=Daryn A |last3=Ehret |first3=Christopher |last4=Destro-Bisol |first4=Giovanni |last5=Spedini |first5=Gabriella |last6=McLeod |first6=Howard |last7=Louie |first7=Leslie |last8=Bamshad |first8=Mike |last9=Strassmann |first9=Beverly I |last10=Soodyall |first10=Himla |last11=Hammer |first11=Michael F |journal=European Journal of Human Genetics |volume=13 |issue=7 |pages=867–76 |pmid=15856073}}
{{Refend}}

External links

  • Y-DNA Haplogroup E and Subclades from ISOGG
  • British Isles DNA Project
  • E1b1.org – International Y-DNA project of Haplogroup E1b1 and its Subclades
Haplogrup E del cromosoma Y humàHaplogruppe E (Y-DNA)Haplogrupo E ADN-YHaplogroupe E (Y-ADN)

1 : Human Y-DNA haplogroups
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