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词条 Harari people
释义

  1. History

  2. Language

  3. Religion

  4. Diaspora

  5. Notable Hararis

  6. See also

  7. References

{{Infobox ethnic group
|group=Harari (Geyusu)
ሐረሪ
{{lang|ar|هراري}}
|image = File:Harari Flag.jpg
|caption = The Harari ethnic flag
|pop=estimated 200,000[1]
|region1={{flagcountry|Ethiopia}}
|region2={{flagcountry|Somalia}}
|region3={{flagcountry|United States}}
|region4={{flagcountry|Canada}}
|region5={{flagcountry|Saudi Arabia}}
|region6={{flagcountry|Australia}}
|region7={{flagcountry|Switzerland}}
|langs=Harari
|rels=Sunni Islam
|related-c=Afar • Amhara • Argobba • Gurage • Saho • Somali • Silt'e • Tigrayans • Zay • other Cushitic peoples[2]
}}

The Harari people ({{lang-ar|هراري}}, Harari: ሐረሪ), also called Geyusu (Harari: ጌይኡሱእ) ("People of the City"), are an ethnic group inhabiting the Horn of Africa. Members traditionally reside in the walled city of Harar, situated in the Harari Region of eastern Ethiopia. They speak Harari, a member of the Ethiosemitic language group within the Afroasiatic family.

History

{{See also|Cushitic people}}

The Harla, an extinct Afro-Asiatic people native to Hararghe are considered the precursor to the Harari people.[3][4] The ancestors of Hararis moved across the Bab-el-Mandeb entering shores of north Somalia from Arabia, producing a semitic population among cushites and hamites in Harar.[5][6] Upon the arrival of Arab Fagih Abadir the alleged patriarch of the Harari in the 10th century, he was met by the Harla, Gaturi and Argobba tribes.[7] By the thirteenth century, Hararis were one of the administrators of the Ifat Sultanate.[8] In the fourteenth century raids on Harar town of Get (Gey) by Abyssinian Emperor Amda Seyon I, Hararis are referred to as Harla Arabs.[9] In the sixteenth century, walls built around the city of Harar during the reign of Emir Nur, helped preserve Harari identity from being assimilated by the Oromo.[10] According to Ulrich Braukämper, Harla-Harari semitic group were most likely active in the region prior to the Adal Sultanate's Islamic invasion of Ethiopia. Sixteenth century saw Oromos invading regions of Somalia from the northern areas of Hargeisa to its southern portions such as Lower Juba, incorporating the Harari people.[11] During the Abyssinian-Adal war, some Harari militia settled in Gurage territory forming the Silt'e ethnic group.[12] Hararis were furious when Muhammad Jasa decided to move the Adal Sultanate's capital from Harar to Aussa in 1577. In less than a year after its relocation

Adal would collapse.[13] Harari imams continued to have a presence in the southern Afar Region in the Imamate of Aussa until they were overthrown in the eighteenth century by the Mudaito dynasty who later established the Sultanate of Aussa.[14]

Among the assimilated peoples were Arab Muslims that arrived during the start of the Islamic period, as well as Argobba and other migrants that were drawn to Harar's well-developed culture.[15] Statistics prove that a Semitic-speaking people akin to the Harari may have inhabited a stretch of land between the Karkaar Mountains, the middle Awash and the Jijiga region, Oromo migrations have effectively split this putative ethnolinguistic block to the Lake Zway islands, Gurage territory, and Harar.[16] Following the decline of the Adal Sultanate's ascendancy in the area, a large number of the Harari were in turn reportedly absorbed into the Oromo community.[15] In the Emirate of Harar period, Hararis sent missionaries to convert Oromo to Islam.[17] The loss in the crucial Battle of Chelenqo marked the end of Harar's independence in 1887.[18] Hararis supported the designated but uncrowned Emperor of Ethiopia Iyasu V, and his presumed efforts to make Harar the capital of an African Islamic empire.[19] Iyasu was however overthrown in 1916, and many of his Harari followers were jailed.[20]

Due to severe violation of Harari rights during Abyssinian rule, Hararis made several attempts to cut ties with Ethiopia and unify Hararghe with Somalia. Launching the nationalist Kulub movement linked to the Somali Youth League. These events led to the Haile Selassie government's forced displacement efforts on Hararis, to break their dominant control of Harar.[21] A Harar Oromo proverb alludes to this occasion as: "On that day Hararis were eliminated from earth."[22] Former Mayor of Harar Bereket Selassie reported that both the Amhara and Oromo viewed Hararis with contempt.[23] Haile Selassie's overthrow by the Derg communist regime made minor differences for the Harari, they describe it as "little more than a transition from the frying pan into the fire".[24] The 1975 rural act disenfranchised Hararis from their farm land, forcing many to emigrate.[25] The surviving Harari relatives of the members to the Kulub movement would join the Somali Armed Forces and some having been promoted high-ranking military officers, fought in the Ogaden War to free Harari/Somali territory from Ethiopian rule.[26] Hararis were also involved in WSLF.[27] After Ethiopians won the war in Ogaden, Derg soldiers began massacring civilians in Harari areas of Addis Ababa for collaborating with Somalis.[28] Today Hararis are outnumbered in their own state by the Amhara and Oromo people. The ruling Ethiopian government ushered in 1991 has favored Hararis tremendously. They now control their Harari Region again and have been given special rights not offered to other groups in the region.[29] According to academic Sarah Vaughan, Harari People's National Regional State was created to overturn the historical bad relationship between Harar and the Ethiopian government.[30]

Hararis as well as the Somali Sheekhal and Hadiya Halaba clan assert descent from Abadir Umar ar-Rida, also known as Fiqi Umar, who traced his lineage to the first caliph, Abu Bakr. According to the explorer Richard Francis Burton, "Fiqi Umar" crossed over from the Arabian Peninsula to the Horn of Africa ten generations prior to 1854, with his six sons: Umar the Greater, Umar the Lesser, the two Abdillahs, Ahmad and Siddik.[31] According to Hararis, they also consist of seven Harla subclans: Abogn, Adish, Awari, Gidaya, Gaturi, Hargaya, and Wargar.[32] The Harari were previously known as "Adere", although this term is now considered derogatory.[33]

Arsi Oromo state an intermarriage took place between their ancestors and the previous inhabitants Adere (Harari) whom they call the Hadiya.[34][35] Hadiya clans claim their forefathers were Harari however they later became influenced by Sidama.[36][37] Moreover Habar Habusheed a sub clan of the Somali Isaaq tribe in northern Somalia, hold the tradition they originate from an intermarriage between Hararis and their forefathers.[38]

Language

The Harari people speak the Harari language, an Ethiosemitic language referred to as Gey Ritma or Gey Sinan ("Language of the City"). It is closely related to the eastern Gurage languages and similar to Zay and Silt'e, all of whom are linked to the Semitisized Harla language.[39][40] Old Harari already had many Arabic loanwords, proven by the ancient texts.[41] The Zaila songs of thirteenth century origin, popular in Somalia are considered to be using Old Harari.[42] Northern Somali dialects use Harari loanwords.[43] Contemporary Harari language is influenced more by Oromo then Somali language and the presence of Arabic is still there.[44] After the nineteenth century Egyptian conquest of Harar, numerous loanwords were additionally borrowed from Egyptian Arabic.

Gafat language now extinct once spoken on the Blue Nile was related to Harari dialect.[45] Harari language has some form of correlation with Swahili and Maghrebi Arabic.[46]

The Harari language was historically written using the Arabic script and in characters known as "Harari secret script" of unknown origin.[47] More recently in the 1990s, it has been transcribed with the Ge'ez script. Harari is also commonly written in Latin outside of Ethiopia.[48]

The 1994 Ethiopian census indicates that there were 21,757 Harari speakers. About 20,000 of these individuals were concentrated outside Harar, in Ethiopia's capital Addis Ababa.[49]

Most Harari people are bilingual in Amharic and Oromo, both of which are also Afro-Asiatic languages. According to the 1994 Ethiopian census, about 2,351 are monolingual, speaking only Harari.[49]

Religion

Virtually all Harari are Muslim. The earliest kabir or Islamic teacher in the community was Aw Sofi Yahya. He arrived in Harar in 1216 as part of Abadir's retinue. Yahya subsequently established the area's first Qur'an gey, or madrasa around {{convert|10|km}} to the south of the city center.[50]

Diaspora

Hararis comprise under 10% within their own city, due to ethnic cleansing by the Haile Selassie regime. Thousands of Hararis were forced to leave Harar in the 1940s.[51][52][53][54][55][56] Harari people moved throughout Ethiopia, mainly to Addis Ababa and Dire Dawa, establishing families and businesses. There's a considerable Harari population in Djibouti, Saudi Arabia, Somalia and Yemen.[57] The Harari people have also spread throughout North America, mainly to Washington D.C., Atlanta, Toronto, Dallas, Los Angeles, and Memphis. Furthermore, a minority of the Harari people live in Europe in countries such as Germany, Switzerland, Sweden and Great Britain. In Melbourne Australia, Harari communities such as Sây Harari Afocha are active.[58]

Notable Hararis

  • Abdullah al-Harari, leader of the al-Ahbash Sunni Sufi movement
  • 'Abd Allah II ibn 'Ali 'Abd ash-Shakur, last Emir of Harar
  • Nur ibn Mujahid, founder of Sultanate of Harar
  • Ali ibn Da`ud, founder of the Emirate of Harar
  • Mahfuz, Imam and General of the Adal Sultanate
  • Ahmad ibn Ibrahim al-Ghazi, Imam and General of the Adal Sultanate
  • Bati del Wambara, Queen of the Adal Sultanate
  • Abdullahi Sadiq, Governor of Ogaden
  • H.E Samia Gutu, Ethiopian Ambassador to Qatar
  • Col. Abdusalam Mohammed Faqih, former military officer of Somali Armed Forces
  • Cpt. Mohamed Ahmed Bomba, former CEO of Ethiopian Airlines
  • Dr. Duri Mohammed, former President of Addis Ababa University
  • Professor Ahmed Zakaria, Ethiopian historian
  • General Ali Gutu, former military general and Harari region president.

See also

  • Harar
  • List of Emirs of Harar
  • Harla people
  • Emirate of Harar
  • Sultanate of Harar

References

1. ^{{cite book|last1=Lovise|first1=Alean|title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Ethiopia|date=22 June 2011|publisher=BRILL|page=154 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=3dmM4Cs5KM0C&pg=PA154&dq=like+the+harar,+with+a+population+of+around+200,000#v=onepage&q=like%20the%20harar%2C%20with%20a%20population%20of%20around%20200%2C000&f=false|accessdate=23 February 2017|isbn=978-9004207295}}
2. ^{{cite book|last=Joireman|first=Sandra F.|title=Institutional Change in the Horn of Africa: The Allocation of Property Rights and Implications for Development|year=1997|publisher=Universal-Publishers|page=1|isbn=978-1581120004}}
3. ^{{cite journal|last1=Joussaume|first1=Roger|title=Fouille d'un tumulus à Ganda Hassan Abdi dans les monts du Harar|journal=Annales d'Ethiopie|date=1976|volume=10|pages=25–39|url=http://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_1976_num_10_1_1157|doi=10.3406/ethio.1976.1157}}
4. ^{{cite book|last1=Gebissa|first1=Ezekiel|title=Leaf of Allah|publisher=Ohio State University Press|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ga91oPVFb5MC&pg=PA207&dq=harla+people#v=onepage&q=harla%20&f=false|accessdate=11 April 2016|isbn=9780852554807|year=2004}}
5. ^{{cite book |last1=Abraham |first1=Kinfe |title=Ethiopia and the Arab world |date=2004 |publisher=EIIPD Press |page=53 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=tAAwAQAAIAAJ&dq=adare+harar&q=adare|isbn=9782003120749 }}
6. ^{{cite book |last1=Mordechai |first1=Abir |title=Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region |publisher=Routledge |page=xvii-xviii |url=https://books.google.com/?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PR17&lpg=PR17&dq=produced+semitised+culture+of+the+adare#v=onepage&q=produced%20semitised%20culture%20of%20the%20adare&f=false|isbn=9781136280900 |date=2013-10-28 }}
7. ^{{cite book|last1=Braukhamper|first1=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture|publisher=LIT Verlag Munster|page=107|url=https://books.google.com/?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA107&lpg=PA107&dq=harala+gaturi#v=onepage&q=harala%20gaturi&f=false|accessdate=12 April 2016|isbn=9783825856717|year=2002}}
8. ^{{cite book|last1=Levtzion|first1=Nehemia|title=The History of Islam in Africa|date=31 March 2000|publisher=Ohio University Press|page=228|url=https://books.google.com/?id=J1Ipt5A9mLMC&pg=PA228&dq=harari+yifat#v=onepage&q=harari%20yifat&f=false|accessdate=8 March 2017|isbn=9780821444610}}
9. ^{{cite book|last1=Budge|first1=E.A|title=A History of Ethiopia: Volume I (Routledge Revivals): Nubia and Abyssinia|date=1 August 2014|publisher=Routledge|url=https://books.google.com/?id=KWQtBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA297&dq=arab+harla#v=onepage&q=arab%20harla&f=false|accessdate=3 March 2017|isbn=9781317649151}}
10. ^{{cite book|last1=Stauth|first1=Georg|title=Dimensions of Locality|publisher=transcipt Verlag|page=156|url=https://books.google.com/?id=lgAUtqL-q9UC&pg=PA156&dq=emir+nur+harar+identity#v=onepage&q=emir%20nur%20harar%20identity&f=false|accessdate=24 April 2016|isbn=9783899429688|year=2008}}
11. ^{{cite book|title=The proceedings of the First International Congress of Somali Studies|date=1992|publisher=Scholars Press|page=155|url=https://books.google.com/?id=mM8tAQAAIAAJ&q=hargaysa+and+the+lower+juba+and+had+assimilated&dq=hargaysa+and+the+lower+juba+and+had+assimilated|isbn=9780891306580}}
12. ^{{cite book|title=Environment, livelihood and local praxis in Asia and Africa|date=2005|publisher=Center for African Area Studies, Kyoto University|page=160|url=https://books.google.com/?id=Jvu1AAAAIAAJ&q=silte+origin&dq=silte+origin|accessdate=9 March 2017}}
13. ^{{cite book|last1=Abir|first1=Mordechai|title=Ethiopia and the Red Sea: The Rise and Decline of the Solomonic Dynasty and Muslim European Rivalry in the Region|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|page=139|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7fArBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA139&lpg=PA139&dq=but+to+the+disgust+of+indigenous+hararis#v=onepage&q=but%20to%20the%20disgust%20of%20indigenous%20hararis&f=false|accessdate=12 March 2017|isbn=9781136280900}}
14. ^{{cite book |last1=Page |first1=Willie |title=Encyclopedia of africaN HISTORY andCULTURE |publisher=Facts on File inc |page=4 |url=http://31.210.87.4/ebook/pdf/Encyclopedia_of_African_History_and_Culture.pdf}}
15. ^1 {{cite book|last=Braukämper|first=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays|year=2002|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3825856717|pages=37|url=https://books.google.com/?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA37#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
16. ^{{cite book|last=Braukämper|first=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essays|year=2002|publisher=LIT Verlag Münster|isbn=978-3825856717|pages=18|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA18#v=onepage&q&f=false}}
17. ^{{cite book|last1=Zewde|first1=Bahru|title=A History of Modern Ethiopia, 1855–1991|date=17 March 2002|publisher=Ohio University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=7pYpDgAAQBAJ&pg=PT42&dq=oromo+islamization+harari#v=onepage&q=oromo%20islamization%20harari&f=false|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
18. ^{{cite book|last1=Bosworth|first1=C. E|title=New Islamic Dynasties|date=11 March 2014|publisher=Edinburgh University Press|url=https://books.google.com/?id=SaMkDQAAQBAJ&pg=RA1-PA67&dq=harar+1887#v=onepage&q=harar%201887&f=false|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
19. ^{{cite news|title=How Ethiopian prince scuppered Germany's WW1 plans|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-37428682|accessdate=28 February 2017|agency=BBC News|date=25 September 2016}}
20. ^{{cite book|last1=Feener|first1=Michael|title=Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=224|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&pg=PA224&dq=iyasu+harari#v=onepage&q=iyasu%20harari&f=false|accessdate=12 March 2017}}
21. ^{{cite book|last1=Feener|first1=Michael|title=Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=227|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&pg=PA227&dq=kulub+movement+harar#v=onepage&q=kulub%20movement%20harar&f=false|accessdate=23 February 2017}}
22. ^{{cite book|last1=Carmichael|first1=Tim|title=Political Culture in Ethiopia's Provincial Administration: Haile Sellassie, Blata Ayele Gebre and the (Hareri) Kulub Movement of 1948|date=1998|publisher=Boston University African Studies Center Press|page=207}}
23. ^{{cite book|last1=Selassie|first1=Bereket|title=The crown and the pen: the memoirs of a lawyer turned rebel|date=20 September 2007|publisher=Red Sea Press|pages=226–227|url=https://books.google.com/?id=5kicAAAAMAAJ&q=captain+mamo+harari&dq=captain+mamo+harari|accessdate=14 June 2017}}
24. ^{{cite book|last1=Yigezu|first1=Moges|title=Language Ideologies and Challenges of Multilingual Education in Ethiopia: The Case of Harari Region|date=2010|publisher=African Books Collective|page=44|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2Is2nUM-5UQC&pg=PA44&dq=harari+frying+pan#v=onepage&q=harari%20frying%20pan&f=false|accessdate=14 March 2017}}
25. ^{{cite book |last1=Hetzron |first1=Robert |title=The Semitic Languages |publisher=Routledge |page=486 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=aWhHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA486&dq=harari+saudi+arabia#v=onepage&q=harari%20saudi%20arabia&f=false}}
26. ^{{cite web|title=Kulub Movement Qaxabte|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sq7U3fA4v1E|website=Malasay.com|publisher=Malassay|accessdate=23 February 2017}}
27. ^{{cite book|last1=Wehib|first1=Ahmed|title=History of Harar and the Hararis|date=October 2015|publisher=Harari People Regional State Culture, Heritage And Tourism Bureau|page=172|url=http://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf|accessdate=7 July 2017}}
28. ^{{cite journal|title=Horn of Africa|journal=Horn of Africa Journal|date=1978|volume=1|issue=2|page=9|url=https://books.google.com/?id=FoAMAQAAMAAJ&q=adere+safer&dq=adere+safer|accessdate=23 February 2017}}
29. ^{{cite book|last1=Yigezu|first1=Moges|title=Language Ideologies and Challenges of Multilingual Education in Ethiopia: The Case of Harari Region|date=2010|publisher=African Books Collective|pages=44–45|url=https://books.google.com/?id=2Is2nUM-5UQC&pg=PA44&lpg=PA44&dq=the+current+government+harari+unprecedented#v=onepage&q=the%20current%20government%20harari%20unprecedented&f=false|accessdate=14 March 2017}}
30. ^{{cite book |last1=Vaughan |first1=Sarah |title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |page=235|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf/}}
31. ^Richard Burton, First Footsteps in East Africa, 1856; edited with an introduction and additional chapters by Gordon Waterfield (New York: Praeger, 1966), p. 165
32. ^{{cite book|last1=Wehib|first1=Ahmed|title=History of Harar and the Hararis|date=October 2015|publisher=Harari People Regional State Culture, Heritage And Tourism Bureau|page=29|url=http://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf|accessdate=7 July 2017}}
33. ^{{cite book|last1=Yimam|first1=Baye|title=Ethiopian studies at the end of the second millennium|date=2002|publisher=Institute of Ethiopian Studies, Addis Ababa University|page=930|url=https://books.google.com/?id=-91yAAAAMAAJ&q=adere|accessdate=13 July 2016}}
34. ^{{cite book |last1=Braukaemper |first1=Ulrich |title=A history of the Hadiya in Southern Ethiopia |publisher=Universite Hamburg |page=9 |url=https://www.scribd.com/document/358972580/Braukaemper-a-History-of-the-Hadiyya-in-So-9783447192644}}
35. ^{{cite book |last1=Braukamper |first1=Ulrich |title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia: Collected Essay |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |page=47 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA47&lpg=PA47&dq=the+genealogical+traditions+in+arsi+repor+a+marriage+between+the+oromo#v=onepage&q=the%20genealogical%20traditions%20in%20arsi%20repor%20a%20marriage%20between%20the%20oromo&f=false}}
36. ^{{cite book |title=The Ethno-History of Halaba People |publisher=Southern Nations state |page=164 |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180705150911/http://www.southtourismeth.org/pdf/Books-and-Study-lists/The-ethno-history-of-halaba-people.pdf}}
37. ^{{cite book |last1=Fargher |first1=Brian |title=The Origins of the New Churches Movement in Southern Ethiopia: 1927 - 1944 |publisher=BRILL |page=34 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=jWLOtldQzOEC&pg=PA34&dq=hadiya+sidama#v=onepage&q=hadiya%20sidama&f=false}}
38. ^{{Cite book | url=https://books.google.com/?id=yoMBQCr4LysC | title=A Pastoral Democracy: A Study of Pastoralism and Politics Among the Northern Somali of the Horn of Africa| isbn=9783825830847| last1=Lewis| first1=I. M.| year=1999}}
39. ^{{cite book|last1=Gebissa|first1=Eziekel|title=Leaf of Allah|publisher=Ohio State University|page=36|url=https://books.google.com/?id=ga91oPVFb5MC&pg=PA36&lpg=PA36&dq=semitic-speaking+harla+an+autochthonous#v=onepage&q=semitic-speaking%20harla%20an%20autochthonous&f=false}}
40. ^{{cite book|last1=Braukhamper|first1=Ulrich|title=Islamic History and Culture in Southern Ethiopia|publisher=LITverlag|page=18|url=https://books.google.com/?id=HGnyk8Pg9NgC&pg=PA18&dq=harala+semitic+harar#v=onepage&q=harala%20semitic%20harar&f=false}}
41. ^{{cite book |last1=Ramat |first1=Palo |title=Europe and the Mediterranean as Linguistic Areas: Convergencies from a Historical and Typological Perspective |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing |page=6 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ZHWySGXtuYQC&pg=PA6&dq=old+harari+arabic#v=onepage&q=old%20harari%20arabic&f=false|isbn=978-9027230980 |year=2007 }}
42. ^{{cite journal |last1=Abdi |first1=Mohamed |title=Chansons de Zeyla |journal=Annales d'Ethiopie |date=2009 |volume=XXIV |issue=24 |page=306 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/ethio_0066-2127_2009_num_24_1_1397?q=chansons+de+zeyla}}
43. ^{{cite book |last1=Lafkioui |first1=Mena |title=African Arabic: Approaches to Dialectology |publisher=Walter de Gruyter |page=5 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=nW2pAY07kYcC&pg=PA5&lpg=PA5&dq=northern+somali+harari#v=onepage&q=northern%20somali%20harari&f=false|isbn=978-3110292343 |date=2013-04-30 }}
44. ^{{cite book |last1=Hetzron |first1=Robert |title=The Semitic Languages |publisher=Taylor & Francis |page=487 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=aWhHAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA487&lpg=PA487&dq=vocabulary+of+modern+harari+is+also+much+in#v=onepage&q=vocabulary%20of%20modern%20harari%20is%20also%20much%20in&f=false|isbn=9781136115806 |date=2013-10-08 }}
45. ^{{cite book|last1=Pankhurst|first1=Richard|title=The Ethiopian Borderlands|publisher=The Red Sea Press|page=89|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zpYBD3bzW1wC&pg=PA89&dq=gafat+adare#v=onepage&q=gafat%20adare&f=false|isbn=9780932415196|year=1997}}
46. ^{{cite book |last1=Owens |first1=Jonathen |title=Dia-Planar Diffusion: Reconstructing Early Aramaic-Arabic Language Contact |publisher=BRILL |page=78 |url=https://brill.com/abstract/book/edcoll/9789004325883/B9789004325883_006.xml}}
47. ^{{cite journal |last1=Meyer |first1=Ronny |title=The ethiopic script: linguistic features and socio-cultural connotations |journal=Oslo Studies in Language |date=2016 |volume=8 |issue=1 |page=160 |url=https://www.journals.uio.no/index.php/osla/article/viewFile/4422/3888}}
48. ^{{cite book |last1=Cunningham |first1=Andrew |title=New Communities Emerging Content |date=2009 |publisher=State Library of Victoria |page=15 |url=https://everythingharar.com/images/pdf/publication/NCEC-report.pdf}}
49. ^1 Ethnologue - Harari language
50. ^Siegbert Uhlig, Encyclopaedia Aethiopica: He-N, Volume 3, (Otto Harrassowitz Verlag: 2007), pp.111 & 319
51. ^{{cite book |last1=Vaughan |first1=Sarah |title=Ethnicity and Power in Ethiopia |publisher=The University of Edinburgh |page=235|url=https://www.era.lib.ed.ac.uk/bitstream/id/1299/vaughanphd.pdf/}}
52. ^{{cite book |last1=Muehlenbeck |first1=Philip |title=Religion and the Cold War: A Global Perspective |publisher=Vanderbilt University Press |page=147 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=ytEC2bOstFUC&pg=PA147&dq=kulub+harar#v=onepage&q=kulub%20harar&f=false|isbn=9780826518521 |year=2012 }}
53. ^{{cite book |last1=Ibrahim |first1=Abadir |title=The Role of Civil Society in Africa's Quest for Democratization |publisher=Springer |page=134 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=GaCwDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA134&lpg=PA134&dq=harar+under+house+arrest#v=onepage&q=harar%20under%20house%20arrest&f=false|isbn=9783319183831 |date=2016-12-08 }}
54. ^{{cite book|last1=Feener|first1=Michael|title=Islam in World Cultures: Comparative Perspectives|date=2004|publisher=ABC-CLIO|page=227|url=https://books.google.com/?id=zsjuQaGLRUkC&pg=PA227&dq=kulub+movement+harar#v=onepage&q=kulub%20movement%20harar&f=false|accessdate=23 February 2017}}
55. ^{{cite book |last1=Carmichael |first1=Tim |title=Political Culture in Ethiopia's Provincial Administration: Haile Sellassie, Blata Ayele Gebre and the (Hareri) Kulub Movement of 1948 |publisher=Boston University African Studies Center Press|url=https://www.academia.edu/2285540}}
56. ^{{cite book|last1=Wehib|first1=Ahmed|title=History of Harar and Harari|date=October 2015|publisher=Harari people regional state, culture, heritage and tourism bureau|page=141|url=https://www.everythingharar.com/files/History_of_Harar_and_Harari-HNL.pdf|accessdate=26 November 2017}}
57. ^{{cite book |last1=Weekes |first1=Richard |title=Muslim Peoples: A World Ethnographic Survey |publisher=Greenwood Publishers |page=318 |url=https://books.google.com/?id=-lZIAAAAMAAJ&q=jeddah+harari&dq=jeddah+harari|isbn=9780313233920 |date=1984-12-21 }}
58. ^{{cite web|title=Say Harari|url=http://saayharari.com/pages/home.asp|website=Australia Say Harari|accessdate=17 March 2017}}
{{Ethnic groups in Ethiopia|state=expanded}}{{Habesha peoples|state=expanded}}

2 : Habesha peoples|Ethnic groups in Ethiopia
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