| 释义 |
- Pronunciation Overview Examples
- Geographical distribution
- See also
{{Short description|Major isogloss}}{{unreferenced|date=May 2009}}{{IPA notice}}Hard and soft G in Dutch (Dutch: harde en zachte G) refers to a phonological phenomenon of the pronunciation of the letters {{angle bracket|g}} and {{angle bracket|ch}} and also a major isogloss within that language. In northern dialects of Dutch, the letters represent velar ({{IPA|[ɣ]}} and {{IPA|[x]}}, respectively) or uvular fricatives {{IPAblink|χ}}, the so-called hard G. However, in most northern dialects, the distinction is no longer made, with both sounds pronounced as {{IPA|[x]}} or {{IPA|[χ]}}. In those dialects that merge {{angle bracket|g}} and {{angle bracket|ch}}, it is still possible for some speakers to pronounce {{angle bracket|g}} as {{IPA|[ɣ]}} intervocallically. In many southern dialects of Dutch, {{angle bracket|g}} and {{angle bracket|ch}} represent front-velar fricatives ({{IPA|[ɣ̟]}} and {{IPA|[x̟]}}), the so-called soft G. PronunciationOverview- Hard {{angle bracket|g}} pronunciation:
- {{angle bracket|g}} represents {{IPA|[ɣ]}}, {{IPA|[x]}} or {{IPA|[χ]}}, a voiced velar, a voiceless velar or a voiceless uvular fricative, depending on the dialect.
- {{angle bracket|ch}} represents {{IPA|[x]}} or {{IPA|[χ]}}, a voiceless velar or a voiceless uvular fricative, depending on the dialect.
- Soft {{angle bracket|g}} pronunciation:
- {{angle bracket|g}} represents {{IPA|[ɣ̟]}}, a voiced front-velar fricative.
- {{angle bracket|ch}} represents {{IPA|[x̟]}}, voiceless front-velar fricative.
Examples| Symbol | Example | | IPA | orthography | Gloss |
|---|
| [x]}} / {{IPA|[χ]}} (Hard G) | [ɑxt]}} / {{IPA|[ɑχt]}} | acht | 'eight' | | [x̟]}} (Soft G) | [ɑx̟t]}} | | [ɣ]}} / {{IPA|[x]}} / {{IPA|[χ]}} (Hard G) | [ɣaːn]}} / {{IPA|[xaːn]}} / {{IPA|[χaːn]}} | gaan | 'to go' | | [ɣ̟]}} (Soft G) | [ɣ̟aːn]}} |
Geographical distributionThe hard {{angle bracket|g}} is used primarily in the northern part of the Dutch language area in Europe: - All of the Netherlands, except the provinces of Limburg and most parts of North Brabant, and some dialects of Gelderland and Utrecht
- Most dialects of West Flanders and East Flanders. Those dialects, both in Belgium, as well as the ones of Zeeland, realise {{angle bracket|g}} as {{IPA|[ɣ ~ ɦ]}}, and {{angle bracket|ch}} as {{IPA|[x ~ h]}}. Since those dialects usually feature H-dropping as well, {{angle bracket|g}} does not merge with {{angle bracket|h}}.
The soft {{angle bracket|g}} is used primarily in the southern part of the Dutch language area in Europe: - The Netherlands
- The provinces of Limburg and North Brabant, except for the western part of North Brabant.
- Parts of the province of Gelderland namely the Bommelerwaard, Betuwe, the region surrounding and including Nijmegen, Land van Maas en Waal, the southern part of the Veluwe and the Achterhoek.
- The southeastern part of the province of Utrecht.
- Dutch-speaking Belgium except for most of West Flanders and East Flanders.
See also{{DEFAULTSORT:G in Dutch, hard and soft}}{{ie-lang-stub}}{{Phonology-stub}} 3 : Consonants|Dutch language|Dutch phonology |