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词条 Harishchandrapur II
释义

  1. History

     Gauda and Pandua  Malda district 

  2. Geography

  3. Demographics

     Population  Literacy  Language and religion 

  4. Rural poverty

  5. Economy

     Livelihood  Infrastructure  Agriculture  Backward Regions Grant Fund 

  6. Transport

  7. Education

  8. Healthcare

  9. External links

  10. References

{{Infobox settlement
| name = Harishchandrapur II
| native_name =
| native_name_lang =
| other_name =
| nickname =
| settlement_type = Community development block
| image_skyline =
| image_alt =
| image_caption =
| pushpin_map = India West Bengal
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in West Bengal, India
| coordinates = {{coord|25.3948400|N|87.8588300|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}}
| subdivision_type1 = State
| subdivision_name1 = West Bengal
| subdivision_type2 = District
| subdivision_name2 = Malda
| established_title =
| established_date =
| founder =
| named_for =
| government_type = Representative democracy
| governing_body =
| unit_pref = Metric
| area_footnotes =
| area_rank =
| area_total_km2 = 217.22
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m =
| population_total = 251,345
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_rank =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_demonym =
| population_footnotes =
| demographics_type1 = Languages
| demographics1_title1 = Official
| demographics1_info1 = Bengali, English
| timezone1 = IST
| utc_offset1 = +5:30
| postal_code_type = PIN
| postal_code = 732125
| area_code_type = STD/telephone code
| area_code = 03513
| registration_plate =
| blank1_name_sec1 = Lok Sabha constituency
| blank1_info_sec1 = Maldaha Uttar
| blank2_name_sec1 = Vidhan Sabha constituency
| blank2_info_sec1 = Harishchandrapur
| website = {{URL|malda.nic.in/}}
| footnotes =
}}

Harishchandrapur II is a community development block that forms an administrative division in Chanchal subdivision of Malda district in the Indian state of West Bengal.

History

Gauda and Pandua

Gauda was once the “capital of the ancient bhukti or political division of Bengal known as Pundravardhana which lay on the eastern extremity of the Gupta Empire.” During the rule of the Sena Dynasty, in the 11th-12th century, Gauda was rebuilt and extended as Lakshmanawati (later Lakhnauti), and it became the hub of the Sena empire. Gauda was conquered by Muhammad bin Bakhtiyar Khalji in 1205. During the Turko-Afghan period, “the city of Lakhnauti or Gauda continued to function initially as their capital but was abandoned in 1342 by the Ilyas Shahi sultans in favour of Pandua because of major disturbances along the river course of the Ganga.” “Pandua then lay on the banks of the Mahananda, which was the major waterway of the sultanate at the time. However, when the Mahananda too began to veer away from the site of Pandua in the mid-15th century, Gauda was rebuilt and restored to the status of capital city by the Hussain Shahi sultans”… With the ascent of Akbar to the Mughal throne at Delhi… the Mughals annexed the ancient region of Gauda in 1576 and created the Diwani of Bengal. The centre of regional power shifted across the Ganga to Rajmahal,,, Following the demise of the independent sultanate, the regional importance of the Gauda or Malda region declined irreversibly and the city of Gauda was eventually abandoned.[1]

Malda district

With the advent of the British, their trading and commercial interests focussed on the new cities of Malda and English Bazar. Malda district was formed in 1813 with “some portion of outlying areas of Purnia, Dinajpur and Rajshahi districts”. A separate treasury was established in 1832 and a full-fledged Magistrate and Collector was posted in 1859. Malda district was part of Rajshahi Division till 1876, when it was transferred to Bhagalpur Division, and again transferred in 1905 to Rajshahi Division. With the partition of Bengal in 1947, the Radcliffe Line placed Malda district in India, except the Nawabganj subdivision, which was placed in East Pakistan.[2]

Geography

Harishchandrapur II block, is located at {{Coord|25.3948400|N|87.8588300|E|}}.

Harishchandrapur II CD Block is part of the Tal, one of the three physiographic sub-regions of the district. “The Tal region gradually slopes down towards the south-west and merges with the Diara sub-region… (it) is strewn with innumerable marshes, bils and oxbow lakes.” The sub-region largely remains submerged during the monsoons and during the dry season large sections of it turn into mud banks with many shallow marshes scattered around. With hardly any gradient the rivers crawl through the region. The Kalindri flows along the southern edge of the CD Block.[3][4]

Doulatnagar, Islampur and Bhaluka gram panchayats in Harishchandrapur II CD Block are vulnerable to floods from the adjoining Mahananda and Fulahar rivers.[5]

Harishchandrapur II CD Block is bounded by Harishchandrapur I CD Block on the north, Chanchal II CD Block on the east and a part of the south, Ratua I CD Block on the balance portion of the south and Amdabad and Pranpur CD Blocks of Katihar district in Bihar on the west.[4][6]

Harishchandrapur II CD Block has an area of 217.22 km2.[7]It has 1 panchayat samity, 9 gram panchayats, 141 gram sansads (village councils), 74 mouzas and 73 inhabited villages. Harishchandrapur police station serves this block.[8] Headquarters of this CD Block is at Khanta (Barduari).[9][10]

Gram panchayats of Harischandrapur II block/ panchayat samiti are Sadlichak, Sultannagar, Malior-I, Malior-II, Chandpur (Islampur), Doulatnagar, Bhaluka, Doulatpur and Masaldah.[11]

Demographics

Population

As per 2011 Census of India, Harishchandrapur II CD Block had a total population of 251,345, all of which were rural. There were 130,367 (52%) males and 120,978 (48%) females. Population below 6 years was 43,939. Scheduled Castes numbered 32,294 (12.85%) and Scheduled Tribes numbered 7,250 (2.88%).[12]

Large villages (with 4,000+ population) in Harishchandrapur II CD Block were (2011 population in brackets): Latasi (4,030), Mali Pakar (8,807), Daulatpur (9,565), Manoharpur (4,164), Sultan Nagar (4,606), Khanta (5,360), Datian (9,102), Uttar Kumedpur (6,006), Talgram (5,285), Talbha Kuria (8,431), Khopakati (6,003), Daulat Nagar (13,235), Mihaghat (6.080), Belshur (6,570), Malior (8,941), Talashur (10,680), Talbangrua (8,235), Talgachhi (7,829), Jagannathpur (7,310), Fatepur (10,423), Bhaluka (8,076), Kariali (5,467) and Mohanpur (5,963).[12]

Other villages in Harishchandrapur II CD Block included (2011 population in brackets): Sadichak (3,420) and Mashaldaha (3,889) [12]

Decadal Population Growth Rate (%){{Graph:Chart
|width=300
|height=200
|legend=Legend
|xAxisTitle=X
|yAxisTitle=Y
|type= rect
|x=1971-1981,1981-1991,1991-2001,2001-2011
|y1 = 25.13,29.30,25.63,26.92
|y2 = 26.00,29.78,24.78,21.22
|y3 = 23.17,24.73,17.77,13.93
|colors = olive,yellow,violet
|y1Title= Harishchandrapur II CD Block
|y2Title=Malda district
|y3Title=West Bengal
}}Note: The CD Block data for 1971-1981, 1981-1991 and 1991-2001 is for both Harishcahndrapur I & II taken together

The decadal growth of population in Harishchandrapur II CD Block in 2001-2011 was 26.92%.[13] The decadal growth of population in Harishchandrapur PS or Harishchandrapur I &II CD Blocks taken together in 1991-2001 was 25.63%. The decadal growth of population in Harishchandrapur PS or Harishchandrapur I &II CD Blocks taken together in 1981-91 was 29.30% and in 1971-81 was 25.13%.[14]The decadal growth rate of population in Malda district was as follows: 30.33% in 1951-61, 31.98% in 1961-71, 26.00% in 1971-81, 29.78% in 1981-91, 24.78% in 1991-2001 and 21.22% in 2001-11.[15]The decadal growth rate for West Bengal in 2001-11 was 13.93%.[16] The decadal growth rate for West Bengal was 13.93 in 2001-2011, 17.77% in 1991-2001.[17]24.73% in 1981-1991 and 23.17% in 1971-1981.[18]

Malda district has the second highest decadal population growth rate, for the decade 2001-2011, in West Bengal with a figure of 21.2% which is much higher than the state average (13.8%).[19]Uttar Dinajpur district has the highest decadal growth rate in the state with 23.2%.[20]Decadal growth rate of population is higher than that of neighbouring Murshidabad district, which has the next highest growth rate.[21]

Population density in the district has intensified from 162 persons per km2 in 1901 to 881 in 2001 (i.e., around five times), which is highest amongst the districts of North Bengal. However, unlike the densely populated southern regions of West Bengal, urbanisation remains low in Malda district. North Bengal in general, and Malda in particular, has been witness to large scale population movement from other states in India and other districts of West Bengal, as well as from outside the country. The District Human Development Report for Malda notes, “Malda district has been a principal recipient of the human migration waves of the 20th century.”[14]

There are reports of Bangladeshi infiltrators coming through the international border. Only a small portion of the border with Bangladesh has been fenced and it is popularly referred to as a porous border.[22][23][24][25]

Literacy

As per the 2011 census, the total number of literates in Harishchandrapur II CD Block was 112,698 (54.34% of the population over 6 years) out of which males numbered 61,732 (57.21% of the male population over 6 years) and females numbered 50,966 (51.23% of the female population over 6 years). The gender disparity (the difference between female and male literacy rates) was 5.98%.[12]

See also – List of West Bengal districts ranked by literacy rate

{{Literacy in CD Blocks of Malda district|collapsible=y}}

Language and religion

In 2001, Bengali was the mother tongue of 88.1% of the population of Malda district followed by Santali (4.5%) Khortha/Khotta (4.4%), Hindi (1.2%), Bhojpuri (0.4%), Telugu (0.3%), Kurukh/ Oraon (0.2%) and Koda/ Kora (0.1%). While the percentage of population reporting Bengali as a mother tongue has increased from 83.6 in 1961 Census to 88.1 in 2001 Census, the percentage of population reporting Santali as mother tongue has decreased from 7.2 in 1961 Census to 4.5 in 2001 Census.[26]Information about mother-tongue is available only at the district level and above.

There is a discrepancy in the data for religion in Malda district. According to Table C1: Population by religious community in 2011, Malda district was a Muslim-majority district in 2011, but it did not present any progressive picture from earlier years.[27]The 2011 District Census Handbook: Maldah presents a different progressive picture, which we are presenting below. Incidentally, both are part of the official census operations.{{bar box
|title=Religion in Harishchandrapur II CD Block
|titlebar=#ddd
|left1=
|float=right
|bars={{bar percent|Muslims|Green|72.61}}{{bar percent|Hindus|Orange|27.24}}{{bar percent|Christians|Blue|0.04}}{{bar percent|Others|Yellow|0.11}}

}}

According to the 2011 District Census Handbook: Maldah, during 2011 census, majority of the population of the district were Hindus constituting 51.3% of the population and up from 49.3% in 2001, followed by Muslims with 48.0%, down from 49.7% in 2001. The proportion of the Hindu population of the district had a decreasing trend from 56.7% in 1971 to 49.3% in 2001 then the trend took a reverse turn and increased in 2011. On the other hand, the Muslim population has increased from 46.2% in 1961 to 49.7% in 2001 but in 2011 census it shrunk to 48.0%. Only 0.3% population were Christians.[28]

As per 2014 District Statistical Handbook: Malda (quoting census figures), in the 2001 census, Muslims numbered 143,803 and formed 72.61% of the population in Harishchandrapur II CD Block. Hindus numbered 53,950 and formed 27.24% of the population. Christians numbered 86 and formed 0.04% of the population. Others numbered 200 and formed 0.11% of the population.[29]

The Census Commission published another set of data for 2011 census with basic fundamental differences. Those who are interested may view the reference.[27]We are not sure which one is right. It is up to the Census Commission to clarify.

Rural poverty

As per the Human Development Report for Malda district, published in 2006, the percentage of rural families in BPL category in Harishchandrapur II CD Block was 50.0%. Official surveys have found households living in absolute poverty in Malda district to be around 39%.[30]

According to the report, “An overwhelmingly large segment of the rural workforce depends on agriculture as its main source of livelihood, the extent of landlessness in Malda has traditionally been high because of the high densities of human settlement in the district… Although land reforms were implemented in Malda district from the time they were launched in other parts of West Bengal, their progress has been uneven across the Malda blocks… because of the overall paucity of land, the extent of ceiling-surplus land available for redistribution has never been large… The high levels of rural poverty that exist in nearly all blocks in Malda district closely reflect the livelihood crisis… “[30]

Economy

Livelihood

{{Pie chart
|caption= Livelihood
in Harishchandrapur II CD Block
|value1 = 26.05
|label1 = Cultivators
|value2 = 53.20
|label2 = Agricultural labourers
|value3 = 2.31
|label3 = Household industries
|value4 = 18.44
|label4 = Other Workers}}

In Harishchandrapur II CD Block in 2011, amongst the class of total workers, cultivators numbered 20,513 and formed 26.05%, agricultural labourers numbered 41,898 and formed 53.20%, household industry workers numbered 1,821 and formed 2.31% and other workers numbered 14,520 and formed 18.44%.[31] Total workers numbered 78,752 and formed 31.33% of the total population, and non-workers numbered 172,593 and formed 68.67% of the population.[32]

Note: In the census records a person is considered a cultivator, if the person is engaged in cultivation/ supervision of land owned by self/government/institution. When a person who works on another person’s land for wages in cash or kind or share, is regarded as an agricultural labourer. Household industry is defined as an industry conducted by one or more members of the family within the household or village, and one that does not qualify for registration as a factory under the Factories Act. Other workers are persons engaged in some economic activity other than cultivators, agricultural labourers and household workers. It includes factory, mining, plantation, transport and office workers, those engaged in business and commerce, teachers, entertainment artistes and so on.[33]

Infrastructure

There are 73 inhabited villages in Harishchandrapur II CD Block. 71 (97.26%) villages have power supply. 72 villages (98.63%) have drinking water supply. 19 villages (26.03%) have post offices. 73 villages (100%) have telephones (including landlines, public call offices and mobile phones). 33 villages (45.21%) have a pucca (paved) approach road and 13 villages (17.81%) have transport communication (includes bus service, rail facility and navigable waterways). 2 villages (2.74%) have banks.[34]

Agriculture

“Because of its alluvial soils and the abundance of rivers, large and small, Malda has been an important agricultural region since antiquity, leading to dense human settlement within the boundaries of the district. Rice yields have traditionally been high, making it the breadbasket of North Bengal. But the shifting of rivers and overall ecological change have left an inevitable stamp on the present patterns of human settlement, as a consequence of which settlement densities vary considerably across the district… Agricultural land in the Tal and Diara is mostly irrigated and intensively cropped and cultivated… Rainfall in the district is moderate…” [35]

Harishchandrapur II CD Block had 95 fertiliser depots, 16 seed stores and 41 fair price shops in 2013-14.[36]

In 2013-14, Harishchandrapur II CD Block produced 117,431 tonnes of Aman paddy, the main winter crop from 35,048 hectares, 27,525 tonnes of Boro paddy (spring crop) from 6,428 hectares, 41 tonnes of Aus paddy (summer crop) from 21 hectares, 5,685 tonnes of wheat from 1,788 hectares, 2,353 tonnes of maize from 617 hectares, 27,934 tonnes of jute from 1,719 hectares, 2,112 tonnes of potatoes from 66 hectares and 1,535 tonnes of sugar cane from 15 hectares. It also produced pulses and oilseeds .[36]

In 2013-14, the total area irrigated in Harishchandrapur II CD Block was 13,900 hectares, out of which 535 hectares were irrigated by river lift irrigation, 170 hectares by deep tube wells, 12,490 hectares by shallow tube well and 705 hectares by other means.[36]

Backward Regions Grant Fund

Malda district is listed as a backward region and receives financial support from the Backward Regions Grant Fund. The fund, created by the Government of India, is designed to redress regional imbalances in development. As of 2012, 272 districts across the country were listed under this scheme. The list includes 11 districts of West Bengal.[37][38]

Transport

{{Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line|collapse=yes}}

In 2013-14, Harishchandrapur II CD Block had 7 ferry services and 2 originating/ terminating bus routes.[36]

There are stations at Milangarh and Bhaluka Road on the Howrah–New Jalpaiguri line.[39]

National Highway 31 passes through Harishchndrapur II CD Block.[40]

Education

In 2013-14, Harishchandrapur II CD Block had 109 primary schools with 28,907 students, 12 middle school with 2,668 students, 12 high schools with 16,431 students and 13 higher secondary schools with 19,540 students. Harishchandrapur II CD Block had 309 institutions for special and non-formal education with 16,914 students.[36]

As per the 2011 census, in Harishchandrapur II CD Block, amongst the 73 inhabited villages, 7 villages did not have a school, 35 villages had more than 1 primary school, 31 villages had at least 1 primary and 1 middle school and 22 villages had at least 1 middle and 1 secondary school.[41]

Healthcare

In 2014, Harishchandrapur II CD Block had 1 block primary health centre and 2 primary health centres, with total 50 beds and 8 doctors (excluding private bodies). It had 33 family welfare subcentres. 7,196 patients were treated indoor and 141,022 patients were treated outdoor in the hospitals, health centres and subcentres of the CD Block.[36]

Masaldabazar Rural Hospital at Kariali (with 30 beds) is the main medical facility in Harishchndrapur II CD Block. There are primary health centres at Bhaluka Bazar (Bhaluka PHC) (with 10 beds) and Hadamnagar (with 6 beds).[42]

External links

  • {{Wikivoyage-inline|Malda}}
  • {{Wikivoyage-inline|Gour-Pandua}}

References

1. ^{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work= pages 3-4: Malda in Historical Perspective| publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 6 November 2018}}
2. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 6-8: Brief History of the District |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 6 January 2019}}
3. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 13-15: Physiography |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 24 October 2018}}
4. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 153: Map of Harishchndrapur II CD Block|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 24 October 2018}}
5. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.wbdmd.gov.in/writereaddata/uploaded/DP/Malda.pdf |title = Foreword | work= Areas vulnerable in respect of flloods |publisher= Malda district administration | accessdate = 16 November 2018 }}
6. ^{{cite web| url = https://www.mapsofindia.com/maps/bihar/tehsil/katihar.html |title = Katihar CD Block/ Tehsil Map |publisher= Maps of India | accessdate = 24 October 2018}}
7. ^{{cite web| url = http://malda.nic.in/ |title = Harishchandrapur II at a Glance|accessdate = 14 February 2011|work = Maldah District |publisher = District administration}}
8. ^{{cite web |url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook |title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda|work= Table 2.1 |publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 29 October 2018 }}
9. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 153: Map of Harishchndrapur II CD Block|publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 24 October 2018}}
10. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbpublibnet.gov.in/node/2102 |title = BDO Offices under Malda District | work= Deoartment of Mass Education Extension & Library Services, Government of West Bengal |publisher= West Bengal Public Library Network | accessdate = 8 November 2018 }}
11. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbprd.gov.in/HtmlPage/PANCHAYATS.aspx |title = Directory of District, Subdivision, Panchayat Samiti/ Block and Gram Panchayats in West Bengal |work = Malda district - Revised in March 2008 | publisher= Panchayats and Rural Development Department, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 6 November 2018}}
12. ^1 2 3 {{cite web| url = http://censusindia.gov.in/pca/cdb_pca_census/Houselisting-housing-WB.html |title = C.D. Block Wise Primary Census Abstract Data(PCA) | work= West Bengal – District-wise CD Blocks|publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 21 October 2018}}
13. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook: Maldah, Series 20 Part XII A | work= Brief Analysis of Inset Tables based on Primary Census Abstract 2011 (Inset Tables 1-35), Table I: Decadal change in population of Tahsils (Sub-district) by Residence, 2001-2011, Page 50 |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 30 April 2018 }}
14. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work= pages 11-14| publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
15. ^{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook | work = Malda - Table 2.3 Growth of Population by sex on different census years in the district of Malda|publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal, 2011 | accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
16. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Census of India 2011: Provisional Totals for West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India | accessdate = 26 April 2018}}
17. ^{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/prov_data_products_wb.html | title = Provisional population totals Paper I: West Bengal | publisher = Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
18. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbplan.gov.in/HumanDev/DHDR/24%20pgs%20north.PDF| title=District Human Development Report: North 24 Parganas | work= Page 40, Table 3.2.1 |publisher= Development & Planning Department, Government of West Bengal, 2010 | accessdate = 20 April 2018}}
19. ^{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1906_PART_B_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Maldah| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 15 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
20. ^{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1904_PART_B_DCHB_UTTAR%20DINAJPUR.pdf | title = Census of India 2011: District Census Handbook Uttar Dinajpur|| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
21. ^{{cite web | url = http://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/1907_PART_B_DCHB_MURSHIDABAD.pdf| title = Census of India 2011 District Census Handbook Murshidabad| work= Series 20, Part XII B, Page 14 | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
22. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.thequint.com/news/india/bangladesh-government-warns-india-of-increased-infiltration-by-jihadis-jmb-huji | title = Bangladeshi Govt warns India of increased infiltration by jihadis | publisher = the quint |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
23. ^{{cite web | url =https://www.sundayguardianlive.com/news/12105-infiltration-decreasing-through-india-bangla-border | title = Infiltration decreasing through India Bangla border | publisher = Sunday Guardian |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
24. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.rediff.com/news/report/why-bsf-wants-817-km-of-indo-bangla-border-fenced-urgently/20160821.htm | title = Why BSF wants 81.7 km of Indo-Bangla border fenced urgently | work = | publisher = Rediff.com. 21 August 2016 | accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
25. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.dailypioneer.com/columnists/oped/bangladeshi-infiltration-the-reality-check.html | title = Bangladeshi Infiltrators – the Reality Check | publisher = The Pioneer, 27 June 2015 | accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
26. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Pages 47-48: Mother tongue |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 6 November 2018}}
27. ^1 {{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/c-01.html |title = C1 Population by Religious Community | work= West Bengal |publisher= Registrar General and Census Commissioner, India | accessdate = 27 October 2018}}
28. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Series 20, Part XII A | work= Census of India 2011, Page 47: Religion |publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal | accessdate = 27 October 2018}}
29. ^{{cite web| url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook| title = District Statistical Handbook Malda 2014| work= Table 2.10 (a)|publisher= Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal| accessdate = 27 October 2018}}
30. ^1 {{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work= pages 102-104| publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
31. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 33: Distribution of Workers by Sex in Four Categories ofEconomic Activity in Sub-district 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
32. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf |title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Table 30: Number and percentage of Main workers, Marginal workers and Non workers by Sex, in Sub-districts, 2011 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
33. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf|title = District Census Handbook Maldah, Census of India 2011, Series 20, Part XII A |work = Census Concepts and Definitions, Page 31 | publisher= Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal| accessdate = 30 October 2018}}
34. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf| title = District Census Handbook, Maldah, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 80-81 Table 36: Distribution of villages according to availability of different amenities,2011 | publisher = Directorate of Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 2 November 2018}}
35. ^{{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Human%20Development%20Report | title = District Human Development Report, Malda | work= pages 91-100| publisher = Department of Planning, Statistics and Programme Monitoring, Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 3 November 2018}}
36. ^1 2 3 4 5 {{cite web | url = http://wbpspm.gov.in/publications/District%20Statistical%20Handbook | title = District Statistical Handbook 2014 Malda | work = Tables 16.1, 18.1, 18.2, 20.1, 21.2, 4.4, 3.1, 3.3 – arranged as per use | publisher = Department of Statistics and Programme Implementation, Government of West Bengal | accessdate = 3 November 2018}}
37. ^{{cite web| url = http://www.panchayat.gov.in/documents/10198/0/BRGFFINALGUIDELINES.pdf | title= Backward Regions Grant Funds: Programme Guidelines |publisher= Ministry of Panchayati Raj, Government of India| accessdate = 3 November 2018}}
38. ^{{cite web| url = http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=84879 | title= Backward Regions Grant Fund| work= Press Release, 14 June 2012 |publisher= Press Information Bureau, Government of India | accessdate = 3 November 2018}}
39. ^{{cite web| url = https://indiarailinfo.com/train/timetable/malda-town-new-jalpaiguri-passenger-55711/14042/441/444#st | title= 55711/ Malda Town-New Jalpaiguri Passenger| work= |publisher= indiarailinfo | accessdate = 6 November 2018}}
40. ^Google maps
41. ^{{cite web | url = http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/DCHB_A/19/1906_PART_A_DCHB_MALDAH.pdf | title = District Census Handbook, Malda, 2011, Series 20, Part XII A | work = Pages 720-21, Appendix I A: Villages by number of Primary Schools and Appendix I B: Villages by Primary, Middle and Secondary Schools | publisher = Directorate of Census Operations, West Bengal. | accessdate = 3 November 2018}}
42. ^{{cite web | url = https://www.wbhealth.gov.in/ | title = Health & Family Welfare Department | work= Health Statistics | publisher = Government of West Bengal |accessdate = 14 November 2018}}
{{Municipalities of West Bengal}}{{Malda topics}}

1 : Community development blocks in Malda district
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