| 词条 | Harlem riot of 1935 |
| 释义 |
| title = Harlem riot of 1935 | partof = | image = | caption = | date = March 19, 1935 | place = Harlem, New York City, New York | coordinates = | causes = False reports of a black teen being beaten by a store owner | goals = | methods = | status = | result = | side1 = Black rioters | side2 = New York Police Department | side3 = | leadfigures1 = | leadfigures2 = | leadfigures3 = | howmany1 = | howmany2 = | howmany3 = | casualties1 = | casualties2 = | casualties3 = | fatalities = 3 | injuries = Hundreds | arrests = | detentions = | charged = | fined = | casualties_label = | notes = | sidebox = }} The Harlem riot of 1935 took place on March 19, 1935 during the Great Depression, in New York City, New York, in the United States. It has been described as the first "modern" race riot in Harlem, because it was committed primarily against property rather than persons. Harlem is a northern neighborhood on Manhattan Island in New York City whose population at the time was predominately African American. The rioting was sparked by rumors that a black Puerto Rican teenage shoplifter was beaten by employees at an S. H. Kress "five and dime" store. That evening a demonstration was held outside the store and, after someone threw a rock through the window, more general destruction of the store and other white-owned properties ensued. Three people died, hundreds were wounded, and an estimated $2 million in damages was caused to properties throughout the district. African American-owned homes and businesses were spared the worst of the destruction.[1] BackgroundDuring the Great Depression, minorities in Harlem and elsewhere in New York suffered as they struggled with unemployment. Minorities were often fired first and hired last in times of fluctuating employment, and conditions were bleak. Inciting incidentAt 2:30 in the afternoon on March 19, 1935, an employee at the Kress Five and Ten store at 256 W. 125th Street[2] (just across the street from the Apollo Theater) caught 16-year-old Lino Rivera shoplifting a 10-cent penknife; the boy was a black Puerto Rican. When his captor threatened to take Rivera into the store's basement and "beat the hell out of him," Rivera bit the employee's hand. The manager intervened and the police were called, but Rivera was eventually released. In the meantime, a crowd had begun to gather outside around a woman who had witnessed Rivera's apprehension; she was shouting that Rivera was being beaten. When an ambulance showed up to treat the wounds of the employee who had been bitten, it appeared to confirm the woman's story. When the crowd noticed a hearse parked outside of the store, the rumor began to circulate that Rivera had been beaten to death. The woman who had raised the alarm was arrested for disorderly conduct, the Kress Five and Ten store was closed early, and the crowd was dispersed by police. RiotOutbreakIn the early evening, a group called the Young Liberators started a demonstration outside the store, quickly drawing thousands of people. Handbills were distributed: One was headlined "CHILD BRUTALLY BEATEN". Another denounced "the brutal beating of the 12 year old boy [...] for taking a piece of candy." At some point, someone threw a rock, shattering the window of the Kress Five and Ten store, and the destruction and looting began to spread east and west on 125th Street, targeting white-owned businesses between Fifth and Eighth avenues. Some stores posted signs that read "COLORED STORE" or "COLORED HELP EMPLOYED HERE". In the early hours of the morning, as the rioting spread north and south, the police picked up Lino Rivera from his mother's apartment and took a photograph of him with a police officer; copies were distributed throughout Harlem to show that Rivera had not been harmed. New York Mayor Fiorello La Guardia also had posters drawn up urging a return to peace.[3]{{primary source inline|date=April 2013}} Aftermath and investigationBy the end of the next day, the streets of Harlem were returned to order. Three black people were killed, 125 people were arrested and 100 people were injured.[4] District Attorney William C. Dodge blamed Communist incitement.[3] Mayor LaGuardia set up a multi-racial Mayor's Commission on Conditions in Harlem, headed by African-American sociologist E. Franklin Frazier and with members including Judge Hubert Thomas Delany, Countee Cullen, and labor leader A. Philip Randolph, to investigate the causes of the riot. The committee issued a report, The Negro in Harlem: A Report on Social and Economic Conditions Responsible for the Outbreak of March 19, 1935, which described the rioting as "spontaneous" with "no evidence of any program or leadership of the rioters." The report identified "injustices of discrimination in employment, the aggressions of the police, and the racial segregation" as conditions which led to the outbreak of rioting. The report congratulated the Communist organizations as deserving "more credit than any other element in Harlem for preventing a physical conflict between whites and blacks." Alain Locke was appointed to implement the report's findings. Historical analysisJeffrey Stewart, professor of History at George Mason University, described the Harlem Riot of 1935 as "the first modern race riot," adding that it "symbolized that the optimism and hopefulness that had fueled the Harlem Renaissance was dead."[5] Sociologist Allen D. Grimshaw called the Harlem Riot of 1935 "the first manifestation of a 'modern' form of racial rioting," citing three criteria:
Whereas previous race riots had been characterized by violent clashes between groups of black and white rioters, subsequent riots would resemble the riot in Harlem.[6] See also
References{{Refbegin}}
| last = Locke | first = Alain | authorlink = Alain Locke | title = Harlem: Dark Weather-Vane | publisher = Survey Graphic | year = 1936 }}
| last = Greenberg | first = Cheryl Lynn | title = Or Does it Explode? | publisher = Oxford University Press | year = 1991 | pages = 3–6 | isbn = 0-19-511584-8 }}
| last = Knopf | first = Terry Ann | title = Rumors, Race and Riots | publisher = Transaction Publishers | year = 1975 | pages = 44–48 | isbn = 0-87855-063-1 }}
1. ^{{cite book | last = Appiah | first = Anthony | authorlink = Anthony Appiah |author2=Henry Louis Gates | title = Africana: Civil Rights; An A-To-Z Reference of the Movement That Changed America | publisher = Running Press | year = 2005 | pages = 202 | isbn = 0-7624-1958-X }} {{Refend}}{{DEFAULTSORT:Harlem Riot Of 1935}}2. ^{{Cite news | last = Fisher | first = Ian | author-link = Ian Fisher (journalist) | title = Street of Dreams | newspaper = The New York Times | date = April 11, 1993 | postscript = }} 3. ^1 {{Cite magazine | title = Mischief Out of Misery | magazine = Time Magazine | date = April 1, 1935 | postscript = }} 4. ^{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60323165|title=Encyclopedia of African-American culture and history : the Black experience in the Americas|date=2006|publisher=Macmillan Reference USA|others=Palmer, Colin A., 1944-|isbn=0028658167|edition= 2nd|location=Detroit|oclc=60323165}} 5. ^{{cite web | title = Harlem Renaissance | work = Online Newshour Forum | publisher = PBS | date = February 20, 1998 | url = https://www.pbs.org/newshour/forum/february98/harlem5.html | accessdate = 2008-04-09 }} 6. ^{{Cite book | last = Grimshaw | first = Allen D. | title = Racial Violence in the United States | place = Chicago | publisher = Aldine Publishing Company | year = 1969 | isbn = 0-202-30034-X | postscript = }} 8 : 1935 riots|1935 in New York (state)|Riots and civil disorder in New York City|African-American riots in the United States|Harlem|S. H. Kress & Co.|African-American history in New York City|March 1935 events |
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