1. Course
    Discharge 

2. Watershed

3. Geology

4. History

5. Ecology

6. Tourism and recreation

7. See also

8. References

9. Works cited

10. External links

Hayfork Creek is a tributary of the South Fork Trinity River in Northern California in the United States. At over {{convert|50|mi|km}} long, it is the river's longest tributary and is one of the southernmost streams in the Klamath Basin. It winds through a generally steep and narrow course north then west through the forested Klamath Mountains, but also passes through the Hayfork and Hyampom Valleys, which comprise the primary agricultural regions of Trinity County.

The watershed of the creek was originally inhabited by the Wintu people. Human habitation in the basin goes back for more than 5,000 years. The first Euro-Americans arrived in the late 1820s, but the basin was not developed until the 1850s with the onset of the California Gold Rush. The fertile soils and mild climate of the river valley led to it becoming the most prosperous agricultural area of the county. Logging began in the 1920s, and by the 1940s started to have an adverse impact on the ecology of the watershed, which includes once-abundant populations of Coho salmon and steelhead trout.

Course

The Hayfork rises on the west flank of Brushy Mountain some {{convert|7|mi|km}} south of the hamlet of Wildwood. Flowing generally north through a deep forested valley in the Shasta-Trinity National Forest, it receives the East Fork from the right. Five miles (8 km) downstream, it enters the Hayfork Valley, a large agricultural basin in the middle of the Klamath Mountains. Here it receives Summit and Big Creeks from the right, while Salt Creek enters from the left. The stream also passes State Route 3 and the small town of Hayfork.^[6]

Winding northwest out of the valley, the river enters a steep gorge, plunging over whitewater rapids and around giant boulders between narrow cliffs. At the Miners Creek confluence from the right, Hayfork Creek turns west and shortly afterwards receives Corral Creek, also from the right. Approximately a mile (1.6 km) above the mouth the river spills out of the mountains into the Hyampom Valley. It joins the South Fork of the Trinity just south of the town of Hyampom, {{convert|30|mi|km}} above the larger river's mouth on the Trinity River.^[6]

Discharge

The U.S. Geological Survey had a stream gauge on Hayfork Creek at Hyampom from 1954 to 1974. During the twenty years of record, the average discharge at the mouth was {{convert|552|cuft/s|m3/s}} calculated from monthly mean discharges.^[2] The largest peak flow was {{convert|29400|cuft/s|m3/s}} in December 1964.^[3] The lowest monthly average was {{convert|19.1|cuft/s|m3/s}} in September 1960.^[2] There was also a gauge at Hayfork from 1956 to 1976. The mean annual discharge for this location was {{convert|119|cuft/s|m3/s}} (1956–1965, as there was no data recorded for monthly flows after 1965).^[7] The maximum peak flow was during the storms of December 1964 at {{convert|7520|cuft/s|m3/s}}.^[8] The minimum monthly average was {{convert|3|cuft/s|m3/s}} in August 1959.^[7]

Watershed

Hayfork Creek drains a mountainous, remote watershed of {{convert|379|mi2|km2}} situated entirely within southern Trinity County. Although the majority of the basin is covered by the Klamath Mountains, it also contains some of Trinity County's only significant amounts of arable land in the Hayfork and Hyampom Valleys. Elevations in the watershed range from {{convert|6400|ft|m}}^[6] at Chanchelulla Peak, the basin's highest point, to {{convert|1276|ft|m}} at the river's mouth.^[4] About 78.6% of the watershed or {{convert|298|mi2|km2}} lies within public lands, mostly owned by the U.S. Forest Service. The remaining 21.4% is private land, mainly used for cattle ranching and farming.^[9]

The Hayfork Creek watershed divide separates it from several other river valleys. The entire western boundary lies along the divide with the South Fork Trinity River. To the northwest lies the valley of the main stem of the Trinity River. In the east, a long ridge separates the Hayfork basin from the Sacramento Valley, specifically the headwaters of a stream, Cottonwood Creek, which drains to the Sacramento River. The mountains generally decrease in height from east to west, from over {{convert|6000|ft|m}} along the eastern ridges to {{convert|4500|ft|m}} on the mountains above the South Fork Trinity River. The headwaters of the creek itself lie at an elevation of over {{convert|5000|ft|m}}. The Hayfork Valley lies at an elevation of {{convert|2418|ft|m}}.^[10]

Significant towns along the creek are Hayfork, with a population of about 2,300; and Hyampom, with 714. Hayfork is the second largest town in Trinity County after Weaverville, the county seat, and is central to the Hayfork Valley, the primary agricultural region in Trinity County.^[11] Other towns within the basin include Peanut, which is located on Salt Creek, and Wildwood, situated near the headwaters of the Hayfork. The total human population of the watershed is more or less than 3,500{{citation needed|date=December 2010}} which amounts to barely more than 9 people per square mile.

Geology

The stream flows through an area of the Klamath Mountains created by uplift caused by the collision of multiple exotic terranes (in this case, a fragment of uplifted crust formed by tectonic activity on the Pacific Plate) with the North American plate. The resulting buckling stress caused the formation of the mountain ranges of northwestern California in stages. Hayfork Creek runs across the western part of the Hayfork Terrane, which was formed about 165 million years ago by plutonic activity beneath the Pacific Plate, and collided with the North American Plate sometime between 140 and 120 million years ago.^[20][12][13] By the mid-Paleocene, approximately 59 million years ago, the Klamath Mountains first rose; erosion and orogeny occurred over time continuing to this day, with the last great mountain-building period in the Pleistocene, about 1.6 million years ago. It is believed that the present course of the stream had been established prior to the formation of the mountains – as they rose, the creek's erosional force cut canyons and valleys into the bedrock, maintaining its course.^[14]

The Hayfork Valley is an alluvial basin filled with sediments at least {{convert|300|ft|m}} deep deposited by Hayfork, Carr, Barker, Big, Salt and other streams from the surrounding water. Approximately {{convert|30|ft|m}} of the alluvium dates from the Holocene less than 12,000 years ago. The valley is underlain by the Hayfork Valley Groundwater Basin which ranges from {{convert|10|to|35|ft|m}} below the surface.^[15]

History

The Wintu Native American tribe (specifically the Nor-El-Muk or Hayfork Wintu, one of six major divisions of the tribe) lived along Hayfork Creek. The range of the Wintu extended roughly through the highlands and mountains of the upper Hayfork Creek basin bordering on the Hayfork Valley, although archaeological sites comprising spearheads and arrowheads have been discovered as far downstream as Hyampom. The Wintu established permanent winter camps on streams, and during the spring and summer traveled to farther and higher-elevation areas to hunt. The staple food of the Native Americans was salmon, which thrived in abundance in the rivers of the region. Other important foods included, acorn various types of berries or small game.^[16]

The first outsider to see Hayfork Creek was fur trapper Jedediah Smith in the dawn of 1828, who was leading an expedition from northern California into Oregon. Their route took them up Hayfork Creek, the South Fork Trinity River, and the Trinity and Klamath Rivers before they arrived on the far north Pacific coast of California. However, the party did not stay in the area for long.^[16] The route along lower Hayfork Creek that Smith and his men had taken later became a trade path between the Central Valley and coastal Oregon.^[17]

Following the California Gold Rush, in which gold was discovered along the Trinity River in 1848, Americans began to settle the Hayfork Valley and because of its abundant water, mild climate and fertile soils it quickly became the most productive agricultural area or the "breadbasket" of Trinity County. Miners worked claims along the upper section of the creek and along some of its headwaters tributaries.^[18] In 1851, the town of Hayfork was first established, and was originally named Kingsberrys. The town boomed because of the valley's rapidly improving economy, reaching a population of 1,200 by 1860.^[11] The Hyampom Valley, while smaller than the Hayfork Valley, has similar qualities and the first permanent European settlements were built in the 1860s.^[16]

In 1852, a settler from Weaverville, a town situated about {{convert|15|mi|km}} northeast of the Hayfork Valley, was reportedly killed by Native Americans and his herd of cattle stolen. After his body was found, a searching party tracked the natives to their camp on the confluence of Bridge Gulch and Hayfork Creek, the former of which is spanned by a natural bridge made infamous from the impending events. About 70 whites set out from Weaverville within a week of the murder, and killed 153 of the 158 Native Americans in what became known as the Bridge Gulch Massacre.^[19][20]

Ecology

Historically Hayfork Creek was one of the more productive steelhead and salmon streams of the Trinity River basin. Agricultural runoff since the late 1800s has hurt the ecosystem of the creek downstream of Hayfork, which comprises the largest farming region of the watershed. Logging, as well as land clearing for ranching and grazing, has caused increased amounts of sediments to wash into the stream, clouding the water and endangering fish populations. The upper section of the creek is polluted from acid mine drainage, most notably from the Kelly Mine on McCovey Gulch, which issues significant amounts of chromium and arsenic.^[21] In recent years, the temperature of the creek near the mouth has risen above {{convert|85|F|C}} in dry summers, posing fatal conditions to fish. Records show a high mortality rate of female salmon and recurring fish kills, probably caused by the high temperatures and the clouding of water by contaminants and sediments that wash down from agricultural and built-up areas.^[22]

One of the biggest problems for the watershed is the loss of forested lands. Although timberland loss is more pronounced in the South Fork Trinity valley than the Hayfork basin, suspended sediment loads in the creek have been rising above ecologically safe limits since 1944. The underlying rock in the Hayfork Creek watershed is generally stable, but erosion has increased because of the construction of roads.^[23] There are several species of endangered or threatened animals that live within the watershed, including the Northern spotted owl and peregrine falcon. The Hayfork Creek valley also provides a major component of the flight path of migratory birds travelling between the Pacific coast and the Sacramento Valley.

Tourism and recreation

The creek is known throughout Trinity County for its recreational gold mining. Reputedly some of the best spots for mining in Northern California lie along the Hayfork upstream of the Hayfork Valley and below Wildwood. The geology of the stream bed is described as a "natural gold trap" and recent strikes have been made there of up to 60 ounces in one day.^[24]

For experienced kayakers and rafters, the upper and lower thirds of Hayfork Creek are filled with rapids ranging from Class III to V. Especially in the lower portion of the creek, large boulders and waterfalls require strenuous portages; and high flow fluctuations (the river has no dams and only a few diversions) cause the stream to range between {{convert|50|cuft/s|m3/s}} and {{convert|10000|cuft/s|m3/s}} in any given year. Boating is safest at flows of {{convert|400|to|2000|cuft/s|m3/s}}.^[25][26]

See also

• List of rivers of California

References

Works cited

• Gudde, Erwin G.; Bright, William (2004). California Place Names: The Origin and Etymology of Current Geographical Names. University of California Press. {{ISBN|0-520-24217-3}}. Accessed 2010-12-11.
• {{cite book

External links

• U.S. Forest Service – Hayfork Area
• American Whitewater: Hayfork Creek
• Middle Hayfork-Salt Creek Watershed Analysis
• The Last Stand

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