“Haynesville Shale”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

The Haynesville Shale is an informal, popular name for a Jurassic Period rock formation that underlies large parts of southwestern Arkansas, northwest Louisiana, and East Texas. It lies at depths of 10,500 to 13,000 feet below the land’s surface.^[1]^[2] It is part of a large rock formation which is known by geologists as the Haynesville Formation. The Haynesville Shale underlies an area of about 9,000 square miles and averages about 200 to 300 feet thick. The Haynesville Shale is overlain by sandstone of the Cotton Valley Group and underlain by limestone of the Smackover Formation.^[3]^[4]

It contains vast quantities of recoverable natural gas. This natural gas is known as "shale gas" because the wells produce from low permeability mudstones that are also the source for the natural gas. It was known to contain large quantities of natural gas prior to 2008. However, prior to that time, it was uneconomic to extract the natural gas. As a result of rising gas prices and improved technology in hydraulic fracturing and directional drilling, it became possible to extract the gas from the Haynesville Shale in an economic and cost-effective manner.^[3]

Source of name

The Haynesville Formation, from which the Haynesville Shale gets its name, was named after the town of Haynesville, Claiborne Parish, Louisiana. The type location for Haynesville Formation, is the Hunt Oil Company No. 1 well in Haynesville oil field, sec. 3, T. 23 N., R. 7 W., Claiborne Parish, Louisiana. In many geological reports and journal papers, the Haynesville Shale was classified as part of the Bossier Shale, although they are now classified as separate formations.^[4]^[5]^[6]

Lithology of Haynesville Shale

The Haynesville Shale is a lithological heterogeneous, often organic-rich, mudstone. The composition of these mudstones varies greatly depending on position on geographic location and stratigraphic position. They vary from calcareous mudstone near the carbonate platforms and islands to argillaceous mudstone in areas where submarine fans prograded into the basin and diluted organic matter. For example, the Haynesville Shale has been observed to vary in composition from 25 to 35 percent clay and 5 to 30 percent calcite in samples recovered from one oil and gas well. In that well, the Haynesville Shale consists of silty, argillaceous mudstones, silty, calcareous mudstones, and dolomitic mudstones and dolostones. The silty, argillaceous mudstones contain more than 30% silt-sized siliceous grains. The silt often occurs as laminations within these mudstones. In addition, the argillaceous matrix of such mudstones frequently contains numerous calcareous particles and stringers. The calcareous particles include coccoliths, bivalve, and gastropod fragments, and calcispheres. Organic matter in the form of amorphous kerogen coats the argillaceous material. Silty, calcareous mudstones contain more than 20% calcite. In these mudstones, the calcite occurs as silt-sized microfossil hash composed of fragmented fossils and carbonate mud. Where organic matter is low and silts are rare, the calcareous microfossil and carbonate mud has recrystallized. Possibly, further alteration of silty, calcareous mudstones has resulted in the formation of the dolomitic mudstones and dolostones. Both the silty, argillaceous mudstones and silty, calcareous mudstones often exhibit sparse to abundant, laminated pelletal fabrics.^[7]^[8]

The Haynesville Formation consists of marine and coastal plain limestone, shale, mudstone, and sandstone. In addition to the Haynesville Shale, the Haynesville Formation contains two formal subdivisions, which geologists call members. They are the Gilmer Limestone, also informally known as the Cotton Valley Limestone, and Buckner Anhydrite members. The Gilmer Limestone and Buckner Anhydrite members represent coastal and shallow marine deposits, which form along the northern boundary of the basin in which the Haynesville Shale accumulated and separate it from contemporaneous undifferentiated nonmarine deposits that occur beneath Arkansas further north. In addition, the Gilmer Limestone member also represents a carbonate platform with oolite shoals that lie beneath central Upshur and western Smith counties, Texas. They comprise the western boundary of the ancient shelf basin within which Haynesville Shale accumulated. A third, informal member, which called the "Gray sandstone," of the Haynesville Formation interfingers with Haynesville Shale along its northern edge. This sandstone is regarded as having accumulated as submarine fans carrying sediment from the coastline into the basin within which the Haynesville Shale accumulated.^[7]

Fossils and age

Very limited detailed descriptions of the Haynesville Shale indicated that it is fossiliferous. The reported fossils include unidentified coccoliths, bivalves, gastropods, and calcispheres. Both stratigraphic relationships and a nannofossil (coccolith) assemblage described from it indicates that it is Kimmeridgian, 151 to 157 million years old, in age.^[4]^[8]^[9]

Depositional Environment

The Haynesville Shale was deposited in a restricted basin that was located on a southward sloping continental shelf covered by relatively shallow water. The mudstone comprising it accumulated as a widespread and laterally continuous blanket across the limits of this restricted basin. The accumulation of pelleted, fossiliferous, organic-rich carbonate mud and even and wavy-lenticular laminated beds of very fine quartz silt and detrital clay reflects the mixed accumulation of carbonate sediments generated within this basin and clastic sediments that came from outside it. The northern edge of this basin consisted of shallow coastal waters floored by carbonate muds and oolite shoals lying just north of the modern Louisiana - Arkansas border. The shallow coastal waters were bordered further north by an arid coastal plain characterized by extensive sabkhas. The western edge of the basin in which the Haynesville Shale accumulated consisted of a broad north-south carbonate platform with prominent oolite shoals. The southern rim of this ancient basin and extent of the Haynesville Shale was an ancient Jurassic island, called "Sabine Island. This ancient island now lies deeply buried beneath the surface of Sabine County, Texas.^[7]^[8]^[10]

The carbonate platforms, their oolite shoals, the Sabine Island, and prehistoric Gulf of Mexico coastline created a restricted basin that marine currents could only readily access from the east. As a result of these restrictive conditions, anoxic conditions frequently occurred during the deposition of the sediments that form the Haynesville Shale. Anoxic bottom water conditions allowed organic matter falling to the floor of this basin to be preserved and incorporated into sediments that became the Haynesville Shale. The mechanisms by which organic matter accumulated within these sediments consisted of a complex interplay of local carbonate generation, clastic input from outside sources, variable burial rates, and variable bottom water anoxia and euxinia.^[7]^[8]^[10]

Natural gas

The Haynesville Shale came into prominence in 2008 as a major producer of shale gas in East Texas and Louisiana. Producing natural gas from the Haynesville Shale involves drilling wells from {{convert|10000|ft|m}} and to {{convert|13000|ft|m}} deep; the formation becomes deeper to the south.

In 2008, the Haynesville Shale was thought to be the largest natural gas field in the contiguous 48 states with an estimated 250 trillion cubic feet (7.1×10¹² m³) of recoverable gas. More recently, as of 2009, the Haynesville was estimated to have 75 trillion cubic feet of recoverable gas, second only to the Marcellus Formation in the US.^[11] Some scientists estimated recoverable reserves average of 6.5 billion cubic feet per well.^[12] The US Energy Information Administration estimated that the average well would produce 2.67 billion cubic feet of gas.^[13]

Production has boomed since 2008, creating a number of new millionaires in the Shreveport, Louisiana region.^[14] Haynesville gas production peaked at 7.2 billion cubic feet per day in November 2011. In January 2013 the formation produced 6.2 billion cubic feet per day, 9.3% of all the gas produced in the US.^[15]

The other members of the Haynesville Formation are also the source of oil and gas production. Oil and gas is currently produced from shelf-edge carbonate reservoirs which consist of oolite shoals within the Gilmer Limestone and Buckner Anhydrite members. The submarine fan sandstones of the Gray sand in north Louisiana are also significant producers.^[7]^[16]

Proved reserves

Documentary film

A documentary film entitled "Haynesville: A Nation's Hunt for an Energy Future" has been made on the subject of the mineral rights leasing "gold rush" and the potential impact of the Haynesville Shale gas play on national and global energy picture.^[18]

Mineral Owner Collaboration

Not long after the land-leasing boom began in 2008, new mineral owners across northwest Louisiana and East Texas joined online forums and began sharing information with each other about the process of oil and gas leasing, leasing bonus payments and well production results. GoHaynesvilleShale.com^[19] was the first and largest of its kind with over 20,000 members.^[20]

See also

References

1. ^Anderson, E. G. (1979) Basic Mesozoic Study in Louisiana, the North Coastal Region, and the Gulf Basin. Folio Series no. 3. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 58 sheets.
2. ^Eversull, L.G. (1984) Regional Cross Sections, North Louisiana. Folio Series no. 7. Louisiana Geological Survey, Baton Rouge, Louisiana. 10 sheets.
3. ^¹Ground Water Protection Council and ALL Consulting (2009) Modern Shale Gas Development in the United States: A Primer. Reported prepared under contract no. DE-FG26-04NT15455 for U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Fossil Energy and National Energy Technology Laboratory, U.S. Department of Energy, Washington DC. 96 pp.
4. ^¹²Salvador, A. (1991) Chapter 8. Triassic–Jurassic. In A. Salvador, ed., pp. 131- 180, The Geology of North America, vol. J, The Gulf of Mexico Basin. Boulder, Colorado Geological Society of America. {{ISBN|978-0-8137-5216-7}}
5. ^Goebels, L.A. (1950) Cairo Field, Union County, Arkansas. Cairo field, Union County, Arkansas. American Assoc. Petroleum Geologists Bulletin. v. 34, pp. 1954-1980.
6. ^Stamm, N. (nd) Geologic Unit: Haynesville. GEOLEX Database, National Geologic Map Database. United States Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia.
7. ^¹²³⁴Ewing, T.E. (2001) Review of Late Jurassic depositional systems and potential hydrocarbon plays, northern Gulf of Mexico Basin. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions. v. 51, pp. 85-96.
8. ^¹²³Spain, D. R., and G. A. Anderson (2010) Controls on reservoir quality and productivity in the Haynesville Shale, northwestern Gulf of Mexico Basin.Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions. v. 60, pp. 657-668.
9. ^Cooper, W.W., and B.L. Shaffer (1976) Nannofossil biostratigraphy of the Bossier Shale and the Jurassic-Cretaceous boundary. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies. v. 26, pp. 178-184.
10. ^¹Ewing, T. E. (2009) The ups and downs of the Sabine Uplift and the northern Gulf of Mexico Basin: Jurassic basement blocks, Cretaceous thermal uplifts, and Cenozoic flexure. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions. v. 59, pp. 253-269.
11. ^US Energy Information Administration, US shale gas.
12. ^Hammes, U. (2009) Sequence stratigraphy and core facies of the Haynesville mudstone, East Texas. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions, v. 59, p. 321-324.
13. ^US Energy Information Administration, Annual Energy outlook 2012, accessed 14 Sept. 2013.
14. ^{{cite web | title = Gas Rush Is On, and Louisianians Cash In | work = The New York Times | author = Adam Nossiter | date = July 29, 2008 | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2008/07/29/us/29boom.html?hp=&pagewanted=all | accessdate = 2008-10-01}}
15. ^US Energy Information Administration, What is shale gas and why is it important?, retrieved 14 Sept. 2013.
16. ^Atwell, B.W., B. Henk, F.C. Meendsen, and J.A. Breyer (2008) Depositional setting and petroleum production, Gray Sandstone (Upper Jurassic), Cotton Valley Field, northern Louisiana. Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies Transactions. v. 58, pp. 49-63.
17. ^US EIA, U.S. crude oil and natural gas proved reserves, 1 Aug. 2013.
18. ^Haynesville: A Nation's Hunts for an energy Future a film by Gregory Kallenberg
19. ^http://www.gohaynesvilleshale.com
20. ^http://www.gohaynesvilleshale.com/profiles/members/