“Health care in the Philippines”的意思、由来-开放百科全书

Health care in the Philippines varies with private, public and barangay health centers (many in rural municipalities). Most of the national burden of health care is taken up by private health providers.

Overview

The Ministry of Health, or the Department of Health, provides national health policies and standards. The provision of health services is overseen by local government units and private sector agencies, both of which are responsible for providing health services to communities.^[1] Health services are brought by barangay health units, rural health units, city health offices, municipal or district hospitals, provincial and regional hospitals, and medical centers.^[2]

In 2000 the Philippines had about 95,000 physicians, or about 1 per 800 people. In 2001 there were about 1,700 hospitals, of which about 40 percent were government run and 60 percent private, with a total of about 85,000 beds, or about one bed per 900 people. The leading causes of morbidity as of 2002 were diarrhea, bronchitis, pneumonia, influenza, hypertension, tuberculosis, heart disease, malaria, chickenpox, and measles. Cardiovascular diseases account for more than 25 percent of all deaths. According to official estimates, 1,965 cases of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) were reported in 2003, of which 636 had developed acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). Other estimates state that there may have been as many as 9,400 people living with HIV/AIDS in 2001.^[3]

Expenditures on health in 2002 totaled about US$2.2 billion, or about 2.9 percent of gross domestic product (GDP). Government expenditures on health accounted for only about 15 percent of total health expenditures, 30 percent of per capita health expenditures, and about 0.9 percent of all government spending. Per capita health expenditures in 2002 totaled US$28, of which government spending accounted for $8. Both total and per capita expenditures on health have continued to decline since at least 1990, leading to a decrease in the share of GDP attributable to health expenditures. The main cause of this decline has been the high population growth rate. The government share of total spending on health also has declined steadily, and with more people, there has been less to spend per person from both the government and private sectors.^[3]

History

The 1991 Republic Act No 1760, or the Local Government Code, gave local health boards the authority over decisions about the delivery of health services and financial management.^[4] In 1995, the National Health Insurance Act led to the implementation of universal health coverage as it was among the first compulsory health insurance systems in developing countries.^[5] It established the Philippine Health Insurance Corporation as a form of national health insurance.^[6]

Large areas of the Philippines do not have daily access to any pharmaceuticals due to high drug prices. Medicines are supplies account for the largest share of household medical expenses, at 49%, compared to 33% share of bills for hospital stay and 10% for consultation and treatment.^[7]

The proposed National Health Budget for 2010 is P28 billion, about US$597 million, or about 310 pesos (US$7) per person in the Philippines.^[8] Generic medicines in the Philippines are highly competitive versus branded medicines due to the high out of pocket expenses in the Philippines in terms of value even with the 81% coverage of the country's healthcare system.^[9]

Doctors, nurses, nursing aides, midwives, caregivers, and health administrators can all train for their profession in the Philippines. However, those who migrate to different countries often encounter difficulty practicing outside the Philippines.{{citation needed|date=April 2019}}

See also

References

1. ^{{Cite journal|last=Chakraborty|first=Sarbani|date=January 2013|title=Philippines' Government Sponsored Health Coverage Program for Poor Households|url=|journal=The World Bank|volume=|pages=|via=}}
2. ^{{Cite journal|last=Grundy|first=J.|last2=Healy|first2=V.|last3=Gorgolon|first3=L.|last4=Sandig|first4=E.|date=July 2003|title=Overview of devolution of health services in the Philippines|journal=Rural and Remote Health|volume=3|issue=2|pages=220|issn=1445-6354|pmid=15877513}}
3. ^¹Philippines country profile. Library of Congress Federal Research Division (March 2006). This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
4. ^{{Cite journal|last=Bossert|first=Thomas J.|last2=Beauvais|first2=Joel C.|date=March 2002|title=Decentralization of health systems in Ghana, Zambia, Uganda and the Philippines: a comparative analysis of decision space|journal=Health Policy and Planning|volume=17|issue=1|pages=14–31|issn=0268-1080|pmid=11861583}}
5. ^{{Cite journal|last=Thind|first=Amardeep|last2=Cruz|first2=Anne Marie|date=October 2003|title=Determinants of children's health services utilization in the Philippines|journal=Journal of Tropical Pediatrics|volume=49|issue=5|pages=269–273|issn=0142-6338|pmid=14604158}}
6. ^{{Cite book|title=The Philippines Health System Review|last=|first=|publisher=World Health Organization|year=2011|isbn=9789290615583|location=Switzerland|pages=}}
7. ^{{Cite book|title=Filipino Report Card on Pro-poor Services|last=World Bank|first=|publisher=East Asia and the Pacific Region Report Number 22181 - PH, Environment and Social Development Sector Unit|year=2001|isbn=|location=Washington DC|pages=}}
8. ^http://www.gov.ph/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=2002495&Itemid=2
9. ^{{cite web|url=http://e.globis.jp/article/000290.html|title=Abenomics and the Generic Threat|last=Del Rosario|first=King|date=15 August 2013|accessdate=15 August 2013}}