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词条 Health effects of chocolate
释义

  1. History

  2. Research

     Acne  Addiction  Sex  Heart and blood vessels  Stimulant  Weight gain 

  3. Lead content

  4. Polyphenol and theobromine content

  5. Other animals

  6. References

{{short description|The possible positive and negative effects on health of eating chocolate}}{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2017}}

The health effects of chocolate are the possible positive and negative effects on health of eating chocolate.

Unconstrained consumption of large quantities of any energy-rich food, such as chocolate, without a corresponding increase in activity, increases the risk of obesity. Raw chocolate is high in cocoa butter, a fat removed during chocolate refining, then added back in varying proportions during manufacturing. Manufacturers may add other fats, sugars, and powdered milk as well.

Although considerable research has been conducted to evaluate the potential health benefits of consuming chocolate, there are insufficient studies to confirm any effect and no medical or regulatory authority has approved any health claim.

History

Theobroma cacao, the cacao tree, produces seeds containing flavanols. The seeds have been used to make beverages for some 2000 years in Aztec, Olmec, and Maya civilizations in central and south America. The drinks were ascribed a wide variety of curative and stimulant properties, unsupported by experimental evidence. In the 19th century, chocolate as a solid was invented, and milk and sugar were added to create milk chocolate, high in fat and sugar. Doubtful research, sometimes funded by the chocolate industry, has at times made suggestions of possible health benefits for these products.[1]

Research

Acne

Overall evidence is insufficient to determine the relationship between chocolate consumption and acne.[2][3] One preliminary study concluded that in males who are prone to acne, eating chocolate increases the severity of acne.[4] Various studies point not to chocolate, but to the high glycemic nature of certain foods, like sugar, corn syrup, and other simple carbohydrates, as potential causes of acne,[2][3][5][6] along with other possible dietary factors.[2][7]

Addiction

Food, including chocolate, is not typically viewed as addictive.[8] Some people, however, may want or crave chocolate,[8] leading to a self-described term, chocoholic.[8][9]

Sex

It has been claimed that chocolate is an aphrodisiac,[10] but there are no rigorous studies to prove this effect. There is no clear evidence that stimulants like phenylethylamine found in chocolate increase PEA in the brain.[11]

Heart and blood vessels

Reviews support a short-term effect of lowering blood pressure by consuming cocoa products, but there is no evidence of long-term cardiovascular health benefit.[12][13] While daily consumption of cocoa flavanols (minimum dose of 200 mg) appears to benefit platelet and vascular function,[19] there is no good evidence to support an effect on heart attacks or strokes.[14][15]

Stimulant

Chocolate contains caffeine and theobromine, both mild stimulants.[16]

Weight gain

The effect of chocolate on body weight is unclear. A concern is that excessive consumption of chocolate may promote high calorie intake and weight gain, a risk factor for many diseases, including cardiovascular disease.[17] As a consequence, consuming large quantities of dark chocolate in an attempt to protect against cardiovascular disease is likely to add excessive calories and induce weight gain.[17]

Lead content

Although research suggests that even low levels of lead in the body may be harmful to children,[18][19] it is unlikely that chocolate consumption in small amounts causes lead poisoning. Some studies have shown that lead may bind to cocoa shells and contamination may occur during the manufacturing process.[20] One study showed the mean lead level in milk chocolate candy bars was 0.027 µg lead per gram of candy;[20] another study found that some chocolate purchased at U.S. supermarkets contained up to 0.965  µg per gram, close to the international (voluntary) standard limit for lead in cocoa powder or beans, which is 1 µg of lead per gram.[21] In 2006, the U.S. FDA lowered by one-fifth the amount of lead permissible in candy, but compliance is only voluntary.[22] Studies concluded that "children, who are big consumers of chocolates, may be at risk of exceeding the daily limit of lead; whereas one 10 g cube of dark chocolate may contain as much as 20% of the daily lead oral limit. Moreover chocolate may not be the only source of lead in their nutrition"[23] and "chocolate might be a significant source of Cd and Pb ingestion, particularly for children."[24]

Polyphenol and theobromine content

Chocolate contains polyphenols, especially flavan-3-ols (catechins) and flavonoids which are under study for their potential effects in the body.[25] The following table shows the content of phenolics, flavonoids and theobromine in three different types of chocolate.[26]
Type of chocolate Total phenolics (mg/100g) Flavonoids (mg/100g) Theobromine (mg/100g)
Dark chocolate 579 28 883
Milk chocolate 160 13125
White chocolate 126 8 0

Other animals

{{Main|Theobromine poisoning}}

In sufficient amounts, the theobromine found in chocolate is toxic to animals such as cats, dogs, horses, parrots, and small rodents because they are unable to metabolise the chemical effectively.[27] If animals are fed chocolate, the theobromine may remain in the circulation for up to 20 hours, possibly causing epileptic seizures, heart attacks, internal bleeding, and eventually death. Medical treatment performed by a veterinarian involves inducing vomiting within two hours of ingestion and administration of benzodiazepines or barbiturates for seizures, antiarrhythmics for heart arrhythmias, and fluid diuresis.

A typical {{convert|20|kg|lb|adj=on}} dog will normally experience great intestinal distress after eating less than {{convert|240|g|oz}} of dark chocolate, but will not necessarily experience bradycardia or tachycardia unless it eats at least a half a kilogram (1.1 lb) of milk chocolate. Dark chocolate has 2 to 5 times more theobromine and thus is more dangerous to dogs. According to the Merck Veterinary Manual, approximately 1.3  grams of baker's chocolate per kilogram of a dog's body weight (0.02  oz/lb) is sufficient to cause symptoms of toxicity. For example, a typical {{convert|25|g|oz|adj=on}} baker's chocolate bar would be enough to bring about symptoms in a {{convert|20|kg|lb|adj=on}} dog. Of course, baking chocolate is rarely consumed directly due to its unpleasant taste, but other dark chocolates' canine toxicities may be extrapolated based on this figure. Given access, dogs frequently consume chocolate at toxic levels because they like the taste of chocolate products and are capable of finding and eating quantities much larger than typical human servings. There are reports that mulch made from cacao bean shells is dangerous to dogs and livestock.[28][29]

References

1. ^{{cite news|last1=Fleming|first1=Nic|title=The dark truth about chocolate|url=https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2018/mar/25/chocolate-the-dark-truth-is-it-good-for-you-health-wellbeing-blood-pressure-flavanols|accessdate=25 March 2018|work=The Observer|date=25 March 2018}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite journal|pmid=23210645|year=2013|author1=Bhate|first1=K|title=Epidemiology of acne vulgaris|journal=British Journal of Dermatology|volume=168|issue=3|pages=474–85|last2=Williams|first2=H. C.|doi=10.1111/bjd.12149}}
3. ^1 {{cite journal|vauthors=Ferdowsian HR, Levin S |title=Does diet really affect acne?|journal=Skin Therapy Letter|volume=15 |issue=3 |pages=1–2, 5|date=March 2010|pmid=20361171|url=http://www.skintherapyletter.com/2010/15.3/1.html}}
4. ^{{cite journal|pmc=4025515|year=2014|author1=Caperton|first1=C|title=Double-blind, Placebo-controlled Study Assessing the Effect of Chocolate Consumption in Subjects with a History of Acne Vulgaris|journal=The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology|volume=7|issue=5|pages=19–23|last2=Block|first2=S|last3=Viera|first3=M|last4=Keri|first4=J|last5=Berman|first5=B|pmid=24847404}}
5. ^{{cite journal|last1=Melnik|first1=BC|last2=John|first2=SM|last3=Plewig|first3=G|title=Acne: risk indicator for increased body mass index and insulin resistance|journal=Acta Dermato-Venereologica|volume=93|issue=6|pages=644–9|date=November 2013|pmid=23975508|doi=10.2340/00015555-1677}}
6. ^{{cite journal|vauthors=Mahmood SN, Bowe WP |title=Diet and acne update: carbohydrates emerge as the main culprit|journal=Journal of Drugs in Dermatology: JDD|volume=13|issue=4|pages=428–35|date=April 2014|pmid=24719062}}
7. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Magin P, Pond D, Smith W, Watson A |title=A systematic review of the evidence for 'myths and misconceptions' in acne management: diet, face-washing and sunlight |journal=Family Practice |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=62–70 |date=February 2005 |pmid=15644386 |doi=10.1093/fampra/cmh715}}
8. ^1 2 {{cite journal |last1=Rogers |first1=Peter J |last2=Smit |first2=Hendrik J |title=Food Craving and Food 'Addiction' |journal=Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior |volume=66 |issue=1 |pages=3–14 |year=2000 |pmid=10837838 |doi=10.1016/s0091-3057(00)00197-0 }}
9. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.webmd.com/diet/features/the-chocoholics-survival-guide|title=The Chocoholic's Survival Guide|last=Skarnulis|first=Leanna|work=webmd.com|accessdate=14 April 2013}}
10. ^{{cite journal|last1=Parker|first1=G|last2=Parker|first2=I|last3=Brotchie|first3=H|title=Mood state effects of chocolate|journal=Journal of Affective Disorders|date=June 2006|volume=92|issue=2–3|pages=149–59|pmid=16546266|doi=10.1016/j.jad.2006.02.007}}
11. ^{{Cite news|url=https://www.chocolatemonthclub.com/chocolate-history|title=History of Chocolate - Chocolate History Timeline {{!}} The Gourmet Chocolate of the Month Club|work=The Gourmet Chocolate of the Month Club|access-date=2018-10-05|language=en-US}}
12. ^{{cite journal|last1=Milliron|first1=Tara|last2=Kelsberg|first2=Gary|last3=St Anna|first3=Leilani|year=2010|title=Clinical inquiries. Does chocolate have cardiovascular benefits?|url=http://www.mdedge.com/jfponline/article/63920/cardiology/does-chocolate-have-cardiovascular-benefits|journal=The Journal of Family Practice|volume=59|issue=6|pages=351–2|pmid=20544068|via=}}
13. ^{{cite journal|last1=Ried|first1=Karin|last2=Stocks|first2=Nigel P|last3=Fakler|first3=Peter|date=April 2017|title=Effect of cocoa on blood pressure|url=|journal=The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews|volume=81|issue=9|pages=1121–6|doi=10.1002/14651858.CD008893.pub3|pmid=2843988|via=}}
14. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Arranz|first1=S|last2=Valderas-Martinez|first2=P|last3=Chiva-Blanch|first3=G|last4=Casas|first4=R|last5=Urpi-Sarda|first5=M|last6=Lamuela-Raventos|first6=RM|last7=Estruch|first7=R|title=Cardioprotective effects of cocoa: clinical evidence from randomized clinical intervention trials in humans|journal=Molecular Nutrition & Food Research|date=June 2013|volume=57|issue=6|pages=936–47|pmid=23650217|doi=10.1002/mnfr.201200595}}
15. ^{{cite journal |vauthors=Sudano I, Flammer AJ, Roas S, etal |title=Cocoa, blood pressure, and vascular function |journal=Curr. Hypertens. Rep. |volume=14 |issue=4 |pages=279–84 |date=August 2012 |pmid=22684995 |pmc=5539137 |doi=10.1007/s11906-012-0281-8 |type=Review |quote=In the last ten years many research studies confirmed that cocoa does indeed exert beneficial effects on vascular and platelet function.}}
16. ^{{cite journal |last1=Franco |first1=Rafael |last2=Oñatibia-Astibia |first2=Ainhoa |last3=Martínez-Pinilla |first3=Eva |title=Health Benefits of Methylxanthines in Cacao and Chocolate |journal=Nutrients |volume=5 |issue=10 |pages=4159–73 |year=2013 |pmid=24145871 |pmc=3820066 |doi=10.3390/nu5104159 }}
17. ^1 {{cite journal|last1=Latif|first1=R|title=Chocolate/cocoa and human health: a review.|journal=The Netherlands Journal of Medicine|date=March 2013|volume=71|issue=2|pages=63–8|pmid=23462053}}
18. ^{{cite book |author1=Merrill, J.C. |author2=Morton, J.J.P. |author3=Soileau, S.D. |title= Principles and Methods of Toxicology |edition=5th |chapter=Metals |editor= Hayes, A.W. |year= 2007 |publisher= CRC Press |isbn= 978-0-8493-3778-9 |ref = CITEREFMerrill07}}
19. ^{{cite book |title=Casarett and Doull's Toxicology: The Basic Science of Poisons |edition=7th |chapter= Toxic effects of metals |editor1=Casarett, LJ |editor2=Klaassen, CD |editor3=Doull, J |year= 2007 |publisher= McGraw-Hill Professional |isbn= 978-0-07-147051-3|ref= CITEREFCasarett07}}
20. ^1 {{cite journal |last=Rankin|first=CW|last2=Nriagu |first2=JO |last3=Aggarwal |first3=JK |last4=Arowolo |first4=TA |last5=Adebayo |first5=K |last6=Flegal |first6=AR |title=Lead contamination in cocoa and cocoa products: isotopic evidence of global contamination |journal=Environmental Health Perspectives |volume=113 |issue=10 |pages=1344–1348 |date=October 2005 |pmid=16203244 |pmc=1281277 |doi=10.1289/ehp.8009}}
21. ^{{cite journal |last1=Heneman |first1=Karrie |last2=Zidenberg-Cherr |first2=Sheri |title=Is lead toxicity still a risk to U.S. children? |journal=California Agriculture |volume=60 |issue=4 |year=2006 |pages=180–4 |doi=10.3733/ca.v060n04p180 }}
22. ^{{cite web |author= Lorraine Heller |title=FDA issues new guidance on lead in candy |publisher=FoodNavigator.com |date=29 November 2006 |url=http://www.foodnavigator-usa.com/news/ng.asp?id=72399-lead-candy |accessdate=15 February 2007}}
23. ^{{cite journal |last1=Yanus |first1=Rinat Levi |last2=Sela |first2=Hagit |last3=Borojovich |first3=Eitan J.C. |last4=Zakon |first4=Yevgeni |last5=Saphier |first5=Magal |last6=Nikolski |first6=Andrey |last7=Gutflais |first7=Efi |last8=Lorber |first8=Avraham |last9=Karpas |first9=Zeev |title=Trace elements in cocoa solids and chocolate: An ICPMS study |journal=Talanta |volume=119 |issue= |pages=1–4 |year=2014 |pmid=24401377 |doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2013.10.048 }}
24. ^{{cite journal |last1=Villa |first1=Javier E. L. |last2=Peixoto |first2=Rafaella R. A. |last3=Cadore |first3=Solange |title=Cadmium and Lead in Chocolates Commercialized in Brazil |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=62 |issue=34 |pages=8759–63 |year=2014 |pmid=25123980 |doi=10.1021/jf5026604 }}
25. ^{{cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Kenneth B. |last2=Hurst |first2=W. Jeffrey |last3=Flannigan |first3=Nancy |last4=Ou |first4=Boxin |last5=Lee |first5=C. Y. |last6=Smith |first6=Nancy |last7=Stuart |first7=David A. |title=Survey of Commercially Available Chocolate- and Cocoa-Containing Products in the United States. 2. Comparison of Flavan-3-ol Content with Nonfat Cocoa Solids, Total Polyphenols, and Percent Cacao |journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry |volume=57 |issue=19 |pages=9169–80 |year=2009 |pmid=19754118 |doi=10.1021/jf901821x }}
26. ^{{cite journal|journal=Molecules|year=2009|volume=14|issue=1|pages=200–9|doi=10.3390/molecules14010200|title=Phenolic and theobromine contents of commercial dark, milk and white chocolates on the Malaysian market|vauthors=Meng CC, Jalil AM, Ismail A|pmid=19127248}}
27. ^{{cite book |author=Smit HJ |year=2011 |title=Theobromine and the pharmacology of cocoa |journal=Handb Exp Pharmacol |volume=200 |issue= 200|pages=201–34 |publisher= |doi= 10.1007/978-3-642-13443-2_7|pmid=20859797 |pmc= |url= ||series=Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology |isbn=978-3-642-13442-5 }}
28. ^{{cite journal |last1=Drolet |first1=R |last2=Arendt |first2=TD |last3=Stowe |first3=CM |title=Cacao bean shell poisoning in a dog |journal=Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association |volume=185 |issue=8 |pages=902 |year=1984 |pmid=6501051 }}
29. ^{{cite journal |last1=Blakemore |first1=F |last2=Shearer |first2=GD |title=The poisoning of livestock by cacao products |journal=Veterinary Record |year=1943 |volume=55 |issue=15 |pages=165 }}
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5 : Chocolate|Components of chocolate|Health effects by subject|Nutrition|Veterinary toxicology
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