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词条 Health in Sierra Leone
释义
      Water supply and sanitation  

  1. Health status

      Life expectancy    Endemic diseases    Infectious diseases    HIV/AIDS    Ebola    Mental health    Disability    Maternal and child healthcare  

  2. Health conditions and human rights in Sierra Leone

      HIV/AIDS  

  3. References

  4. External links

In terms of available healthcare and health status Sierra Leone is rated very poorly. Globally, infant and maternal mortality rates remain among the highest.[1] The major causes of illness within the country are preventable with modern technology and medical advances. Most deaths within the country are attributed to nutritional deficiencies, lack of access to clean water, pneumonia, diarrheal diseases, anemia, malaria, tuberculosis and HIV/AIDS.

Water supply and sanitation

{{Further information|Water supply in Sierra Leone}}

A 2006 national survey found that 84% of the urban population and 32% of the rural population had access to an improved water source. Those with access in rural areas were served almost exclusively by protected wells. The 68% of the rural population without access to an improved water source relied on surface water (50%), unprotected wells (9%) and unprotected springs (9%).[2][3]

20% of the urban population and 1% of the rural population had access to piped drinking water in their home.[2][4]

Access to an improved water source does not give an indication about whether water supply is continuous.[2][5] For example, in Freetown taps were running dry for most of the year in 2009. People collected water in containers wherever they can and those who can afford it install water tanks on their houses. Even the fire brigade used its trucks to sell drinking water. There were fights between firefighters and employees of the Guma Water Company, responsible for water supply in Freetown, sometimes resulting in deaths.[6]

Health status

Life expectancy

The 2014 CIA estimated average life expectancy in Sierra Leone was 57.39 years.[7] in 2015, after improvements in health in other poorer countries life expectancy for both men and women was the lowest in the world.[8]

Endemic diseases

Yellow fever and malaria are endemic to Sierra Leone.[9]

Infectious diseases

Sierra Leone suffers from epidemic outbreaks of diseases including cholera, Lassa fever and meningitis.[9]

HIV/AIDS

Sierra Leone has a prevalence of HIV/AIDS in the population of 1.6 percent.[10]

Ebola

In 2014 there was an outbreak of the Ebola virus in Sierra Leone. As of 4 August 2014, there had been 691 cases of Ebola in Sierra Leone, and 286 deaths.[11]

Mental health

Mental health care in Sierra Leone is almost non-existent. Many sufferers try to cure themselves with the help of traditional healers.[12] During the Civil War (1991–2002), many soldiers took part in atrocities and many children [13] were forced to fight. This left them traumatised, with an estimated 400,000 people (by 2009) being mentally ill [14]. Thousands of former child soldiers have fallen into substance abuse as they try to blunt their memories.[15] There is one primitive psychiatric facility in Sierra Leone.[19]

Disability

{{main article|Disability in Sierra Leone}}

It is estimated that there are about 450,000 disabled people in Sierra Leone,[16] though number could be an under-estimate.[16] Common disabilities in Sierra Leone include blindness, deafness, war wounded, amputees and post-polio syndrome.[16]

Maternal and child healthcare

Maternal mortality statistics in Sierra Leone are among the world's highest. One in eight women risks dying during pregnancy or childbirth.[17]

The 2010 maternal mortality rate per 100,000 births for Sierra Leone is 970. This is compared with 1032.7 in 2008 and 1044.2 in 1990. The under 5 mortality rate, per 1,000 births is 198 and the neonatal mortality as a percentage of under 5's mortality is 25. In Sierra Leone the number of midwives per 1,000 live births is 1 and the lifetime risk of death for pregnant women 1 in 21.[18]

Health conditions and human rights in Sierra Leone

{{Further information|Human rights in Sierra Leone}}

HIV/AIDS

Discrimination based on HIV status is illegal, but HIV-positive people are highly stigmatized, with HIV-positive children being denied schooling, adults denied jobs, and abandonment by families common. Persons with HIV are often driven to suicide.[19]

References

1. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-14094194 |title=Sierra Leone country profile - BBC News |publisher=Bbc.com |date=2016-01-21 |accessdate=2016-10-30}}
2. ^1 2 {{cite web|url=http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/SLE_wat.pdf|title=Estimates for the use of Improved Drinking-Water Sources|publisher=WHO / UNICEF Joint Monitoring Programme for Water Supply and Sanitation|location=Sierra Leone|date=March 2010|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111226083443/http://www.wssinfo.org/fileadmin/user_upload/resources/SLE_wat.pdf|archivedate=26 December 2011}}
3. ^{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone’s Infrastructure. A Continental Perspective|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/06/29/000158349_20110629104032/Rendered/PDF/WPS5713.pdf|work=Policy Research Working Paper 571|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=6 August 2011|author=Nataliya Pushak|author2=Vivien Foster |pages=31–35|date=June 2011}}
4. ^{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone’s Infrastructure. A Continental Perspective|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/06/29/000158349_20110629104032/Rendered/PDF/WPS5713.pdf|work=Policy Research Working Paper 571|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=6 August 2011|author=Nataliya Pushak|author2=Vivien Foster |pages=31–35|date=June 2011}}
5. ^{{cite web|title=Sierra Leone’s Infrastructure. A Continental Perspective|url=http://www-wds.worldbank.org/external/default/WDSContentServer/WDSP/IB/2011/06/29/000158349_20110629104032/Rendered/PDF/WPS5713.pdf|work=Policy Research Working Paper 571|publisher=World Bank|accessdate=6 August 2011|author=Nataliya Pushak|author2=Vivien Foster |pages=31–35|date=June 2011}}
6. ^Roland Marke:Water Crisis Threatens Survival in Freetown, Op-Ed in Worldpress.org, June 14, 2009
7. ^{{cite web|url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2102rank.html |title=CIA - The World Factbook Life Expectancy|publisher=Cia.gov |accessdate=2014-06-25}}
8. ^{{cite news|title=UN: Life expectancy worldwide has increased by 5 years|url=https://calgaryherald.com/health/life+expectancy+worldwide+increased+years/11929922/story.html|accessdate=19 May 2016|publisher=Calgary Herald|date=18 May 2016}}
9. ^1 {{cite web | title = The Primary Health Care Hand Book Policing | publisher = Ministry of Health & Sanitation | date = 2007-05-25 | url = http://www.health.sl/drwebsite/publish/healthcare.shtml | format = doc | accessdate = 2008-01-24 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080217052144/http://www.health.sl/drwebsite/publish/healthcare.shtml | archivedate = 2008-02-17 | df = }}
10. ^{{cite web | title = 2006 Report on the global AIDS epidemic | publisher = UNAIDS | year = 2006 | url = http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/Default.asp | format = PDF | accessdate = 2008-01-24 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20080117113818/http://www.unaids.org/en/KnowledgeCentre/HIVData/GlobalReport/default.asp | archivedate = 2008-01-17 | df = }}
11. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4240-ebola-virus-disease-west-africa-6-august-2014.html|title=Ebola virus disease, West Africa – update 6 August 2014|publisher=|accessdate=29 September 2014|deadurl=yes|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140808052452/http://www.afro.who.int/en/clusters-a-programmes/dpc/epidemic-a-pandemic-alert-and-response/outbreak-news/4240-ebola-virus-disease-west-africa-6-august-2014.html|archivedate=8 August 2014|df=}}
12. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.channel4.com/programmes/unreported-world/episode-guide/series-2009/episode-4 |title=Unreported World 2009 series, ep.4: Sierra Leone: Insanity of War |publisher=Channel4.com |date=3 April 2009 |accessdate=20 May 2012}}
13. ^Innocence Lost, Radio Netherlands Archives, February 16, 2000
14. ^Scarred souls, Radio Netherlands Archives, March 8, 2000
15. ^{{cite journal|last=Lisk|first=Radcliffe|title=Sierra Leone|journal=Practical Neurology|year=2007|volume=7|issue=3|pages=198–201|doi=10.1136/jnnp.2007.120089|pmid=17515600 }}
16. ^1 2 Government discussion turns to issues of the disabled in Sierra Leone. Jhr.ca. Retrieved on 2011-03-13.
17. ^{{cite journal|last1=Moszynski|first1=P.|title=Sierra Leone's maternal mortality rate is a "human rights emergency"|journal=BMJ|date=22 September 2009|volume=339|issue=sep22 2|pages=b3908–b3908|doi=10.1136/bmj.b3908}}
18. ^{{cite web|url=http://www.unfpa.org/sowmy/report/home.html|title=The State Of The World's Midwifery|publisher=United Nations Population Fund|accessdate=August 2011}}
19. ^1 {{cite web|title=2010 Human Rights Report: Sierra Leone|url=https://www.state.gov/j/drl/rls/hrrpt/2010/af/154368.htm|work=US State Department|accessdate=January 12, 2013}}

External links

  • [https://web.archive.org/web/20080111152138/http://www.health.sl/drwebsite/publish/index.shtml Ministry of Health and Sanitation]
  • The State of the World's Midwifery - Sierra Leone Country Profile
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1 : Health in Sierra Leone
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